NUCLEAR WEAPONS & ENERGY
Updated Oct 20 2003 - reload for current isssue
Convair B-36 "Peacemaker" on display at Castle Air Museum
Designed to bomb Berlin from the US; used to carry early nuclear weapons
Please note: It is not the intent of this author to glorify nuclear weapons.
Mankind has the ability to completely destroy itself, and it is wonderous
that we have not (see DO IT AGAIN). May it always be so...
This page is the culmination of my research into nuclear weapons. This all started when
I decided to see if there were *really* instructions on how to make an atomic bomb on
the Internet. I found that yes, there are (links below). This information led me to do
quite a bit of research, which then led me to "the definitive books on the development
of nuclear weapons"; if you want to know how the A-bomb, the H-bomb, and the whole
nuclear arms race came about, read:
The Making of the Atomic Bomb - Richard Rhodes, 1986 review
Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb - Richard Rhodes, 1995 review
Japan's A-bomb program is well documented:
Japan's Secret War: Japan's Race against Time to Build It's Own Atomic Bomb -
Robert K. Wilcox, 1995 review
Curtis LeMay, who nearly firebombed Japan's cities out of existance prior to the use of the
A-bombs, developed the Strategic Air Command into one of the most powerful and effective
military forces in the world - it was a force that was on constant alert, ready to deliver
his so-called "Sunday punch"--an all-out nuclear attack--at the shortest possible notice:
Iron Eagle: The Turbulent Life of General Curtis LeMay - Thomas M. Coffey, 1986
I had no idea what makes these weapons work, how close we came to Nuclear Armageddon, and
just how amazing it is that we still exist at all. Following is information gleaned from
these books and many Internet sources, which I have attempted to lay out as simply as
possible. This information is laid out for the non-scientist; scientists may find
technical errors/omissions in this overview.
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X-RAYS DISCOVERED: Nov 08 1895 by Roentgen
RADIOACTIVITY DISCOVERED: Mar 03 1896 Becquerel demonstrates the radioactivity of uranium;
Apr 12 1898 Marie Curie announces the probable presence in pitchblende ores of a new element
endowed with powerful radioactivity (polonium); July 1898 Marie & Pierre Curie coin the word
"radioactivity"
NUCLEAR FISSION DISCOVERED: Sep 12 1933 Leo Szilard envisions nuclear chain reaction, and
patents it (1934); 1938 Hahn and Strassman split the atom repeating Fermi's work
FIRST NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION: Dec 02 1942 at Chicago's Stagg Field by a group led by Fermi
JUST WHO WAS WORKING ON DEVELOPING THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB? Only the U.S.! Prior to the war,
scientists in France, England, Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, and America were working
on uranium fission, realizing that it could be used as an energy source and also that it
had the potential to be used as a weapon. Doubt it? Check this out! The scientists
worked as an international community, publishing their discoveries for one and all. The
war changed all that. England decided the bomb could and should be built, but having
neither the resources nor the funding, gave their technology to America. Hitler's
oppression drove some of Europe's best scientists away. The "nightmare" was that the
Germans were working on the atomic bomb, which they were apparently not. This "nightmare"
led to a letter from Einstein to FDR about the danger of Germany possessing the bomb
first, which apparently led FDR to authorize the atomic bomb program on Oct 09 1941
(before the U.S. had entered the war!). America, with the assistance of over 100 European
Emigre physicists, spent something like $2 billion (40's dollars) and worked frantically
to develop the first A-bombs.
Historians generally agree that had the war not occurred, France (Joliet-Curie) would
have been the first to harness the atom.
German researcher Heisenberg explained to Nazi leaders in Feb 1942 that enriched U235
could be used to make a bomb. However, German researchers took a wrong turn when they
overlooked neutron multiplication, and they "missed the boat" big time; any hope of
harnessing the atom that Germany had left was dashed when thier heavy water supply was
destroyed by Norwegian agents.
The Soviets lacked the required research equipment, but later got the information they
needed to make the bomb from the US and England through industrial espionage, and
possibly from the Japanese when the Soviets overran Northern Korea at the end of the war.
Japan may have made and detonated a bomb in what is now North Korea, but lacked the
required uranium to actually weaponize, and apparently looked to Germany for help
(surrender of the U-234, bound for Japan when Germany surrendered to the Allies, revealed
a cargo of uranium oxide).
THERE WAS ALMOST NOTHING LEFT TO BOMB IN JAPAN: Curtis LeMay's nighttime firebombing of
Japan with B-29s commencing Mar 09 1945 completely destroyed something like 52 of the 57
major Japanese cities. The military command actually had to set some cities off-limits, as
the effect of the using the A-bomb on a destroyed city would be unmeasureable. Hiroshima was
partially evacuated by the Japanese government because they "noticed" that Hiroshima had not
been firebombed.
DID NUCLEAR WEAPONS HAVE TO HAPPEN? As stated in the introduction of the FAQ (link
below): "The world in which this discovery [nuclear fission] was made - convulsed by war,
paranoia, and totalitarian cruelty - made the translation of theoretical possibility into
actuality inevitable."
ATOMIC BOMB: a device utilizing a supercritical mass of uranium or plutonium to achieve
an instantaneous fission chain reaction; in the chain reaction, neutrons split uranium or
plutonium atoms, releasing binding energy; releases massive amounts of light, heat, and
radioactivity.
First detonation: Jul 16 1945, by U.S, plutonium, Alamogordo NM, approx 18.6 kiloton yield
First use: Aug 06 1945, on Hiroshima Japan, uranium, approx 12.5 kiloton yield
Second use: Aug 09 1945, on Nagasaki Japan, plutonium, approx 22 kiloton yield
Japanese detonation: Aug 12 1945, uranium, off the coast of Hungnam (Konan) Korea
First Soviet detonation: Aug 29 1949, said to be an exact copy of the Nagasaki bomb
First British detonation: Oct 03 1952
First French detonation: Feb 13 1960
First Chinese detonation: Oct 16 1964, uranium, 25 kiloton yield
First Indian detonation: May 18 1974, 10-15 kiloton yield
First South African-Israeli detonation: Sep 22 1979, southern Indian Ocean
First Pakistani detonation: May 28 1998
Who else has "the bomb"?: although undeclared Nuclear Powers, it is thought that Israel,
North Korea, and Iran possess nuclear weapons; South Africa disposed of the nuclear weapons
they developed with Israel's help; many other nations are "nuclear-capable", meaning they
could build the bomb if they so chose. Want more? See the FAS Nuclear Forces Guide:
http://fas.org/nuke/guide/index.html
HYDROGEN BOMB (also THERMONUCLEAR DEVICE): a device utilizing an atomic bomb to create a
400 million degree plasma environment where lighter elements will fuse into heavier
elements; in the reaction, heavy hydrogen isotopes fuse to create helium atoms, releasing
binding energy; the yield of the bomb is theoretically unlimited as there is no critical mass
involved; releases extremely massive amounts of light, heat, and some radioactivity. It has
been said that there is no military application for this weapon, it is a weapon of genocide.
First detonation: Oct 31 1952, by U.S., Ivy Mike, Eniwetok Atoll, 10.4 megaton yield
First Soviet detonation: Nov 22 1955, 1.6 megaton yield
First British detonation: May 15 1957
First French detonation: Sep 24 1966
First Chinese detonation: Jul 17 1967, 3 megaton yield
Largest U.S. detonation: 1954, Castle Bravo, 15 megaton yield
Largest Soviet detonation: Oct 31 1961, 58 megaton yield
Largest Soviet design: ~1961, 100 megaton yield; never constructed
SO, WHAT WOULD AN H-BOMB DETONATION DO TO MY TOWN? Hey Kids, let's go to Nuclear Blast Mapper(tm):
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/sfeature/mapablast.html
NEUTRON BOMB: Also referred to as "enhanced radiation warhead", is basically a hydrogen bomb
without the uranium-238 jacket which would absorb neutrons to increase the blast. By
eliminating that jacket the full fusion emission of neutrons is released. A one-kiloton
neutron bomb will spread a lethal dose of neutron radiation to exposed people over a one-mile
radius. It would take a 13-kiloton fission (atomic) bomb to produce a combined lethal dose of
neutron and gamma radiation over that same distance. So, the explosive force is toned down,
and short-term radiation output is maximized; kills every living thing in the proximity of
the blast with minimal structural damage.
DO IT AGAIN? Nuclear weapons use contemplated after Nagasaki. (major source of info)
Truman:
* Mar 02 1946 - Truman meets personally with Soviet Ambassador Gromyko and delivers an
ultimatum: Remove Soviet troops from Iran in 48 hours or the USA will drop the atomic bomb.
* Nov 1946 - U.S. military aircraft shot down over Yugoslavia. Six B-29s deployed to Germany
and then flown across the Yugoslav border, in a show of force. There were no more shootdowns.
* Oct 13 1949 - In response to the Soviet blockade of Berlin, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
send a top secret memorandum to the National Security Council (NSC) demanding to know whether
the USA should launch atomic war on the USSR. Oct 14 the JCS and NSC meet but JCS fail to get
permission to launch war. Sep 30 access to Berlin restored and airlift and crisis ends.
* Nov 30 1950 President Truman threatened the use of the atomic bomb against Red Chinese
forces to get peace in Korea. General Douglas MacArthur subsequently liberated South Korea
and drove all the way to the Yalu river (the Chinese border), but wanted total defeat of the
communists. He lobbied for an extension of the war to China and for using nuclear weapons
against the communists. Truman disagreed and removed MacArthur from command when MacArthur
made his argument public, while UN forces were falling back from the Yalu river in disarray.
What could Truman have been thinking? (ed.) How about this: He justifiably feared that an
attack on mainland China, as advocated by MacArthur and the Republican right, could lead to
a confrontation with the Soviet Union and a possible nuclear war.
Eisenhower:
* Oct 1949 - Chiang Kai-Shek and his armies were defeated by Mao's armies and driven into
exile in Taiwan. Chiang fortified two islands, Quemoy and Matsu, just 8 miles from the coast
of China as bases for his re-conquest of China. Chiang provoked China on two occasions by
moving large numbers of troops to these Islands, and both times the USA went to the nuclear
brink in support of Chiang's provocations.
* 1954 - An American B-29 Superfortress bomber, with 14 American servicemen aboard, was shot
down when it apparently strayed over China's border with North Korea. The servicemen were
captured, and following the Quemoy and Matsu crisis, China announced plans to try them as
spies, despite the fact that all but two had been in uniform. All were given lengthy prison
sentences. This outraged the American public, already angry with China over it's support of
North Korea, with members of Congress and virtually the entire Pentagon leadership calling
for nuclear war against China. It was the sixth time in 1954 that almost the entire U.S.
leadership, the JCS and NSC, called for nuclear war. Eisenhower stood firm against his
advisers, and Washington was eventually able to negotiate their release.
* Despite the Viet Minh's massive victory over the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the US
tried to persuade the French to keep fighting. The Eisenhower administration even considered
the direct use of U.S. military force, including combat troops and nuclear weapons.
* Mar 10 1955 - Secretary of State Dulles at a National Security Council (NSC) meeting
states that the U.S. people and the world have to be prepared for probable U.S. atomic war
against China.
* Oct 29 1956 - Israel invades Sinai and advances to the Suez Canal, an attack conceived and
planned by the French and British as a pretext for their seizure of the canal. Oct 30 Britain
demands that Egypt allow British forces to re-occupy Canal Zone. Nov 05 Egypt's refusal is
then used as a pretext for the seizure of Port Said by British and French troops, as planned.
Khruschev makes crude threats to "use force to crush the aggressors," and hints that London
and Paris might suffer atomic bombing. This causes a U.S. counterthreat that any such Soviet
attack would be met by a U.S. nuclear response.
* Aug 1958 Chiang Kai-Shek moved 100,000 troops to Quemoy and Matsu. China began shelling in
response. Sep 06 General Twining of Joint Chiefs of Staff asks President Eisenhower to give
7th Fleet Commander authority to order nuclear strikes against China. Sep 07 and again on Sep
19, Soviets inform Eisenhower that in the event of a U.S. nuclear attack on China they will
come to China's aid.
* Nov 10 1958 - Khruschev proposes that control of Berlin be turned over to East Germany in
6 months. The western allies rejected this. Mar 11 1959 as Khruschev's deadline approached
Democrats urge Eisenhower to mobilize. Eisenhower rejects this. Mar 15 1959 Air Force General
Chief of Staff Thomas White's testimony to Senate is released: the Berlin crisis can lead
to war with the Soviet Union and "nuclear weapons may have to be used."
Kennedy:
* Aug 13 1961 - Soviets seal Berlin crossings to refugees. Aug 17 construction of Berlin Wall
begins. Its intent was unclear to Kennedy, who says that there is "one chance in five of a
nuclear exchange" (Schlesinger, 1965). Sep - a full scale surprise nuclear attack plan by U.S.
B47 and B52 bombers is considered by Kennedy, McNamara, Maxwell Taylor and Bundy. When
McNamara probes Lord Mountbatten, Chief of British Defence staff on this plan, Mountbatten
says, "My God, anybody who thinks of that is mad!"
* Oct 17 1961 - 16 nuclear-armed missiles were secretly installed by the Soviets in response
to the failed American-backed Cuban Exile "Bay Of Pigs" invasion. All of JCS call for
immediate attack. General Curtis LeMay urged President John F. Kennedy to use nuclear weapons
on the Soviet Union, not knowing that the Soviets in Cuba had missiles capable of reaching the
US. Kennedy stood firmly against this idea, instead convincing Kruschev with a naval quarantine
and threatened invasion of Cuba to remove the missiles. Kruschev agreed, provided our Jupiter
missiles in Turkey were to be removed as well. NUCLEAR WAR HAD COME OH SO CLOSE! As a possible
result of this "push to the brink", the Test Ban Treaty, banning atmospheric nuclear tests, was
signed by Kennedy and Khruschev on Aug 04 1963.
Johnson:
None. There was a 7 year nuclear crisis-free period following the Cuban missile crisis.
Nixon:
* Aug 04 1969: Kissinger meets Vietnamese in Paris: "If no progress by 1 November, USA will
take measure of the gravest consequence." Nixon had been elected president in 1968 partly as a
result of his claim to have "a secret plan to end the Vietnam War." His secret plan (DUCKHOOK)
was to escalate the war and use nuclear weapons if other escalation measure failed. Oct 01 SAC
is put on DEFCON1, "maximum force readiness" for nuclear war. The clear message to the Soviets
was to get North Vietnam to halt operations in the South. Oct 14 Nixon: "On October 14, I knew
for sure that my ultimatum had failed. A quarter of a million people came to Washington for the
October 15 Moratorium (protest)." Nixon decided not to nuke Hanoi because of what Kissinger
described as "the hammer of antiwar pressure".
* Sep 15 1970: King Hussein of Jordan orders his 50,000-man army to destroy the strong PLO
bases in Jordan. The possibility of a PLO victory in this strategic Middle East country prompts
U.S. support. To keep the Soviets out of the crisis, Nixon sends 2 aircraft carrier task forces
to the East Mediterranean. Kissinger orders the U.S. military to send uncoded messages to make
the threat of nuclear armed force deployments very clear.
* Vietnam War, from tapes released Feb 2002:
To Bob Hope, Apr 15 1972: We can't lose 50,000 Americans and lose this war.
To Kissinger, Apr 25 1972, a few weeks before ordering a major escalation of the Vietnam War:
RN: I'd rather use the nuclear bomb.
HK: That, I think, would just be too much.
RN: The nuclear bomb. Does that bother you? I just want you to think big.
To Kissinger, May 1972:
RN: The only place where you and I disagree ... is with regard to the bombing. You're so
goddamned concerned about the civilians and I don't give a damn. I don't care.
HK: I'm concerned about the civilians because I don't want the world to be mobilized against
you as a butcher. We can do it without killing civilians.
* Oct 25 1973: U.S. nuclear forces on alert, forces mobilized eastward towards Israel. During
the Yom Kippur war, the Israeli army encircled the Egyptian army. The Soviets, fearing a
total Egyptian collapse, offer Soviet troops to join U.S. troops to enforce a cease-fire. US
attempts to negotiate a settlement, but on Oct 24, U.S. intelligence reports all seven Soviet
airborne divisions on alert for possible aid to Third Army. Brezhnev (to Kissinger) warns
that Soviets will act alone if any further act of bad faith by USA. An emergency meeting in
Washington results in a DEFCON 3 alert that night, followed by mobilization.
Ford:
None.
Carter:
* Jan 1980 - in the wake of the fall of the Shah of Iran, the Carter Administration warned
the Soviets to stay out of Iran, saying that any Soviet move in the Gulf would be "repelled
by military force". To reinforce this point, 12 single B-52 missions were flown over the
Arabian Sea.
Reagan:
* Sep 26 1983 the Soviet early-warning satellite system caused a nuclear false alarm. Soviet Lt.
Col. Stanislav Petrov, the officer in charge, had been told repeatedly that the US would launch
a massive nuclear strike designed to overwhelm Soviet forces in a single strike. Stanislov
refused to pass the alert to his superiors because "when people start a war, they don't start it
with only five missiles. You can do little damage with just five missiles." Too close, eh?
More information on this incident.
* Dec 01 1983 - the first Pershing missiles are delivered to Ramstein Germany, in spite of
demonstrations by 400,000 Germans opposed to the deployment. These flat-trajectory missiles
would have a 6 minute flight time to Moscow, and the deployment was designed for a first
strike at the Soviet government. This gave the Soviets little time for analysis of U.S.
intentions. Mar 11 1985 Gorbachev was elected by one vote over hard-liner Grishin. There is
speculation that had Grishin won, The War would have definitely have occured.
* Aug 11 1984: Ronald Reagan joking, unwittingly, into an open mic just before a speech
that was to be broadcast: "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've
signed legislation that would outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes".
On the Fall of Communism:
"American conservatives love to take credit for the 'fall of Communism".
It was all thanks to Ronald Reagan, they will tell you, to his policy of getting tough with
the Russkies, of launching SDI, more commonly known as Star Wars" - that was what ended the
communist empire! What self-serving stupidity; what a misleading, self-indulging
understanding of history.
Just one vote, one single vote from a hand up to a hand held down, would have changed the
world. Ronald Reagan and the entire American right wing had nothing to do with Grishin's
loss to Gorbachev. The men who then made up the Politburo - people like Gromyko and Ustinov-
had built their entire careers on not giving a hoot in hell what the rest of the world
thought. They were all hard liners in the worst sense of the word. I think that had Grishin
been elected, the United States and the Soviet Union would have been at war within two or
three years maximum.
Ronald Reagan's ticket to the White House had, among other things, been won on his promise
to get tough with the Russians. There are not a few people who attribute the demise of
communism (that is how they refer to the events of Perestroika) to President Reagan's
military build-up, to his forcing of the Soviets into an arms race they could not match.
What that argument ignores are at least two things. First, that Mr. Reagan had nothing to
do with Mr. Gorbachev's becoming General Secretary - that should now be clear to the reader.
Second, that by the time Gorbachev was elected General Secretary, Ronald Reagan had been in
office for slightly more than one full term. During that period he had more than fulfilled
his 'get tough' promise. The net result was that the relationship between the USSR and the
United States stood at an all-time low. The danger of military conflict had increased; Soviet
defense production was up. Neither Brezhnev, Andropov nor Chernenko had demonstrated the
slightest inclination to back down.
Victor Grishin and his supporters were of the same ilk. There is no reason at all to believe
they would have been more reasonable. Conversely, there is every reason to think they would
have pushed the nuclear button had they been backed into a corner.
We should all thank our lucky stars for Gorbachev's one-vote win. Thank fate, thank whatever
deity or superstition we believe in. But the one group we should not thank is the American
conservative establishment, which had the stupidity and arrogance to think it could play
chicken with its Soviet counterparts and win."
pp 191-192, "Eyewitness: A Personal Account of the Unravelling of the Soviet Union,"
Vladimir Pozner, 1992.
Bush:
* I (the author) saw a piece in the newspaper stating that Bush had relayed to Saddam Hussein
during the Gulf War that any use of chemical or biological weapons, as threatened by Saddam,
would be countered with U.S. use of nuclear weapons on Iraq. Additionally, www.cdi.org reports
that Israel had gone on full nuclear alert and deployed nuclear launchers facing Iraq.
Clinton:
* In 1994, former Defense Secretary William Perry threatened to launch a nuclear strike against
North Korea if it continued to work on producing plutonium (VC Star, Oct 18 2002).
* Administration policies facilitated the export of advanced (miniaturized) nuclear weapons
technology to China.
Bush (W):
* Working on establishing a National Missile Defense system to protect the US and her allies from
"rogue nuclear states" such as North Korea. Dec 2002 - Due for limited deployment in 2004.
* Dec 2002 - changed our strategic policy to be: will respond to weapons of mass destruction with
overwhelming force, including nuclear.
* Aug 2003 - Mayor of Hiroshima Tadatoshi Akiba on H-day regarding the proliferation of nuclear weapons:
"The chief cause is a US nuclear policy that, by openly declaring the possibility of a pre-emptive
nuclear first strike and calling for resumed research into mini-nukes and other so-called 'usable
nuclear weapons', appears to worship nuclear weapons as God."
* Oct 2003 - North Korea threatened to "physically display" its nuclear deterrent. Stay tuned...
COLD WAR ENDS, THREAT OF NUCLEAR ARMAGEDDON DIMINISHES: Really? Check this...
NUMBER OF KNOWN ABOVE-GROUND NUCLEAR TESTS SINCE 1945: US 215, USSR 219, UK 21, France 50,
China 23; Total 528, approx 428 megatons
NUMBER OF KNOWN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTS SINCE 1945: US 815, USSR 496, UK 24 (in USA),
France 160, China 22, India 4, Pakistan 2; Total 1,523, approx 82 megatons
TOTAL KNOWN NUCLEAR TESTS WORLDWIDE SINCE 1945: 2,051
50 Facts About U.S. Nuclear Weapons
FIRST NUCLEAR SUBMARINE: U.S.S. Nautilus, launched Jan 21 1954
ACTIVE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN THE U.S. (2000): 109
ACTIVE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA (2000): 2, San Onofre and Diablo Canyon
OPERATING NUCLEAR REACTORS WORLDWIDE (2001, approx): 432 World Map of Nuclear Reactors
DID THREE MILE ISLAND (PA) HAVE A MELTDOWN?: Yes, Mar 28 1979, partial core meltdown
HOW ABOUT ROCKETDYNE? (CA): Rocketdyne ran 10 nuclear reactors at it's Santa Susana Field
Laboratory from the 1956 to the 1989. There were several accidents, including a partial
fuel meltdown in 1959. Nuclear research was halted in 1989.
AND CHERNOBYL? (USSR): fire and a meltdown released massive amounts of radioactive material
into the atmosphere in April 1986
SO HOW DOES A RADIOISOTOPE SMOKE DETECTOR WORK? (from library.thinkquest.org):
Inside a radioisotope-based smoke detector, the americium-241 is placed inside an air
chamber. The ionising alpha radiation emitted collides with air molecules in the air chamber,
ionising them (making the air particles charged). The ionised air molecules are then able to
conduct an electrical current between two electrodes on either side of the air chamber. When
smoke enters the air chamber, the ionised air molecules attract the smoke particles, causing
a decrease in the current conducted. (The ionised air molecules are now "carrying" extra smoke
particles, decreasing the flow of current.) This current decrease is then detected by
electrical circuitry, activating an alarm.
WHAT IS ALPHA RADIATION? Nuclei of helium atoms.
WHAT IS BETA RADIATION? Electrons.
WHAT IS GAMMA RADIATION? Gamma radiation and X-rays are electromagnetic radiation like
visible light, radio waves, and ultraviolet light. These electromagnetic radiations differ
only in the amount of energy they have. Gamma rays and X-rays are the most energetic of these.
Gamma radiation is able to travel many meters in air and many centimeters in human tissue. It
readily penetrates most materials and is sometimes called "penetrating radiation."
FUSION REACTOR DEVELOPMENT: ITER is an experimental fusion reactor based on the "tokamak"
concept and located in La Jolla, CA. Website link below.
COLD FUSION: Fusion at room temperature, yielding more energy than is consumed. On March 23, 1989,
Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann announced their discovery of "cold fusion." It was the most
heavily hyped science story of the decade, but the awed excitement quickly evaporated amid
accusations of fraud and incompetence. It seems they set up an experiment where more power was
yielded than consumed, but were unable to duplicate the event.
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