Next Exam GH 4 (Global History IV)

Gh4 Practice 11 17 09
Mr Eisenberg TEACHER ANSWER KEY
November 17, 2009

3
1. Base your answer on the accompanying cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies.

This 1919 cartoon suggests that Germany may come under the influence of

1. moderates 3. radicals

2. conservatives 4. isolationists

3 This 1919 cartoon suggests that Germany may come under the influence of radicals. The radicals in this cartoon are the Bolshevists or Communists. In 1917, the Communists had come to power in Russia and there was fear among Germans that Communism would overrun their country. A core belief of Communism was that Communism was a worldwide movement that was destined to spread to all industrial countries. The poor economic conditions in Germany during the 1920s were made worse by the Great Depression. Nearly 6 million people, or about 30 percent of the workforce, was unemployed in 1932. Civil unrest broke out in the country. Many conservative Germans were fearful that the Communists, as in Russia, were strong enough to overthrow the weak Weimar government. Thus, many conservative leaders turned to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. They believed that he could stand up to the Communist party but that they could still control him. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany and called for a new election. Six days before the election, a fire destroyed the German Reichstag building where Parliament met. By stirring up the fear of Communism, Hitler and his allies won by a slim majority. Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He destroyed the Communists and the fear that the people had about their gaining power in Germany. In the process, he established dictatorial control over the entire country.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) There is no reference to moderates, conservatives, or isolationists. Moderates and conservatives want limited change. Isolationists are those groups that seek to limit or avoid involvement in the affairs or conflicts of other nations.

1
2. "Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Form Triple Alliance"
"Serbian Nationalism Grows in Balkans"
"Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated in Bosnia"
The events in these headlines contributed most directly to the

1. beginning of World War I 3. development of communist rule in Europe

2. outbreak of the Cold War 4. strengthening of European monarchies

1 The events in these headlines contributed most directly to the beginning of World War I. By 1914, Europe was divided into two large camps of secret alliances. The two most important alliances were the Triple Alliance, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the Triple Entente, consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia. The purpose of these alliances was to preserve the balance of power. However, any dispute involving any of these countries threatened to involve all the others. The Balkans, which were a hotbed of nationalist rivalries, had created tension in the area. The spread of nationalism had led some groups to break away from the Ottoman Empire and form new nations, including Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia. Serbia, which had gained its independence in 1878 and had a large Slavic population, hoped to absorb the Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula. Austria-Hungary opposed Serbia's expansion because it feared rebellion among its multiethnic empire and was threatened by Serbia's growth. Serbia wanted to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina, which had a large Serbian population. Russia, the largest Slavic country, defended the rights of people of similar backgrounds to unite. By 1914, Russia's big brother policy of Pan-Slavism made her ready to support Serbia, its Slavic brother, against any threats. The spark that led to World War I was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914, in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist, Gavriol Princip. Archduke Ferdinand was the heir to the Austrian throne. The assassination set off a chain reaction that broke the peace of Europe. Austria-Hungary, supported by Germany, declared war on Serbia. Russia, which supported Serbia, declared war on Austria-Hungary. Russia turned to France, who promised its support against Germany and Austria-Hungary. On July 28, Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia, and on July 30, Russia came to the aid of Serbia. Germany, which was a member of the Triple Alliance, declared war on Russia and later on France. When Germany invaded Belgium on August 3 and violated Belgian neutrality, Great Britain declared war on Germany. By August 1914, the European continent was involved in World War I.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2), (3), and (4) None of these events contributed to the outbreak of World War I. The Cold War began in 1945. The development of Communist rule in Europe extended from 1945 to the late 1980s. The strengthening of European monarchies was during the 16th and 17th centuries.

3
3. A. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
B. Allies invade Europe on D-Day.
C. Germany invades Poland.
D. Japanese attack Pearl Harbor.

Which sequence shows the correct chronological order of these World War II events, from earliest to latest?

1. A --> B --> C --> D 3. C --> D --> B --> A

2. B --> A --> D --> C 4. D --> C --> A --> B

3 The correct chronological order of these World War II events is Germany invades Poland (September 1, 1939); the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941); the Allies invade Europe on D-Day (June 6, 1944); atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945).

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) Germany invades Poland must be first in any correct chronological sequence of events.

2
4. One reason Italy and Germany were not major colonial powers in the 16th and 17th centuries was that they

1. had self-sufficient economies 3. rejected the practice of imperialism

2. lacked political unity 4. belonged to opposing alliances

2 One reason Italy and Germany were not major colonial powers in the 16th and 17th centuries was that they lacked political unity. For many centuries, Italy consisted of many small states. It was not a united nation before 1861. There were rivalries among the different states, such as Venice, Genoa, and Florence, as well as the Papal States. Furthermore, Austria dominated many of the northern Italian city-states and opposed Italian unity. Like Italy, Germany consisted of a number of small states and did not become unified until 1871. Germany consisted of more than 300 small states. In Germany, there was also a regional split between the northern states of Germany that were Protestant and the southern states that were primarily Catholic. The rivalry between Austria and Prussia for control of Germany also led to political disunity. Spain, England, and Portugal had become nation states during the 15th and 16th centuries. These nations were able to finance colonial ventures. Italy and Germany would become colonial powers at the end of the 19th century after they had become united nations.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Neither of these countries had self-sufficient economies. A self-sufficient economy is one that has all the necessary resources to survive by itself. The medieval manor was a self-sufficient agricultural economy. The Italian and German states depended on trade to prosper. None of the colonial powers of the 16th and 17th centuries had self-sufficient economies.
(3) Neither Italy nor Germany rejected the practice of imperialism. Their internal division prevented them from participating in colonization.
(4) Neither of these countries joined opposing alliances against each other during the 16th and 17th centuries. Neither of these countries were major powers at this time in European history.

1
5. One way in which the Hitler Youth of Germany and the Red Guard of China are similar is that both organizations

1. required unquestioning loyalty to the leader 3. hindered imperialistic goals

2. helped increase religious tolerance 4. led pro-democracy movements

1 One way in which the Hitler Youth of Germany and the Red Guard of China are similar is that both organizations required unquestioning loyalty to the leader. The Hitler Youth was a paramilitary organization that existed from 1922 to 1945. Schoolchildren were required to join; the boys had to join the Hitler Youth and the girls joined the League of German Girls. One aim of the Youth movement was to instill the motivation to become loyal soldiers willing to fight for their government. Hitler's Youth movement put more emphasis on physical and military training than on academic study. On hikes and in camps, the Hitler Youths pledged absolute loyalty to Germany, promoting its greatness.
In 1962, Mao Zedong, the Communist leader of China, was concerned about the loss of enthusiasm and announced a "Cultural Revolution." Mao closed China's schools and invited students to gather in Beijing as Red Guards. They became a major force in the Cultural Revolution. The goal of the revolution was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal. The new hero was the peasant who worked with his hands. The intellectuals and artists were useless and dangerous. To help stamp out this threat, the Red Guards traveled throughout China shutting down colleges and schools. The Red Guards attacked writers, scientists, doctors, and professionals for abandoning Communist ideals. Waving copies of the "Little Red Book," Mao's sayings, Red Guards targeted anyone who resisted the regime. Exiled intellectuals or professionals were sent to work as laborers in the field. By 1969, China had become so disrupted that Mao called out the army to control the Red Guards and brought the Cultural Revolution to a close.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Neither of these organizations helped to increase religious tolerance. Both of these organizations stressed complete loyalty to the state over religious freedom. Hitler's Youth recognized Nazism, and the Red Guard pledged allegiance to Mao over respect to any religion.
(3) Hitler's Youth of Germany did not hinder imperialist goals of Nazism. Their goal was to become strong soldiers to help the German empire expand. The Red Guard believed in promoting the ideals of Mao's Communism, which promoted the expansion of Chinese power in foreign affairs.
(4) Neither of these groups were pro-democracy movements. These organizations stressed obedience over freedom.

1
6. Which statement about both the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy is accurate?

1. Economic conditions led to political change. 3. Goals were achieved by peaceful means.

2. Industrialization hindered national development. 4. Communist ideals fueled both movements.

1 A statement about both the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy that is accurate is that economic conditions led to political change. World War I created conditions in Russia that helped trigger the Bolshevik Revolution. In 1914, Russia was one of the World War I Allied powers that fought against Germany. However, Russia was not ready to fight a war. Russian soldiers lacked adequate supplies and weapons. Food was scarce and the transportation system broke down so often that needed supplies never made it to the front. By 1915, soldiers had little ammunition, rifles, or medical care. In March 1917, workers led food riots all across Russia. In St. Petersburg, when soldiers refused to fire upon the striking workers, Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, was forced to give up his throne and the leaders of the Duma, the Russian Parliament, set up a republic. This provisional government, headed by Prince Luvov, set up a western-style democratic government that guaranteed civil rights and freed political prisoners. The decision to continue the war and the continued inability to provide food resulted in the loss of support among the people. The Bolsheviks, a revolutionary group led by Vladmir Lenin, promised "peace for the soldiers, land for the peasants, and bread for the workers." Lenin, who had been in exile when the March Revolution broke out, was infiltrated into the country by the Germans, who used him to undermine support of the provisional government. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized control of the government. The Bolsheviks, who now changed their name to "Communists," made Russia the first communist nation in Europe.
The fascist governments of Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany came to power because these nations faced severe economic difficulties. After World War I, Italy and Germany faced widespread unemployment and inflation, leading to severe economic unrest. In the 1920s, it was reported in Germany that one loaf of bread cost 200 billion marks; four trillion marks were the equivalent of one U.S. dollar. Mussolini and Hitler gained support among the middle class and business leaders by promising to improve the economy. In Germany, the government's policy of simply printing money led to runaway inflation and destroyed the value of the life savings of many people. The inability of the Italian government and the Weimar Republic in Germany to command a majority in parliament made it difficult to solve each nation's economic problems. People in Russia, Italy, and Germany turned to these movements to solve their economic crises.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Industrialization did not hinder the national development leading to the rise of the Bolsheviks and fascists. The Bolsheviks in Russia and the fascists in Germany and Italy gained support by promoting industrial development through government intervention and control.
(3) Neither the Bolsheviks nor the fascists gained control by peaceful means. The Bolsheviks gained control by violently overthrowing the Russian government in November 1917. The fascists in Germany and Italy achieved their goals by gaining political power and then suppressing all opposition.
(4) Lenin was a Bolshevik who promoted communism in Russia. Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy promised to fight communism by their efforts to seize factories and redistribute land under the control of their respective governments.

4
7.

The Nazi Party controls Germany.
Khmer Rouge rules in Cambodia.
The Sandinistas control Nicaragua.
Which statement describes a similarity in these situations?

1. Civil liberties were promoted. 3. Leaders won the support of all groups.

2. Voting rights were extended to women. 4. One group seized power and limited opposition.

4 The statement that describes a similarity in these situations is that one group seized power and limited opposition. Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nationalist Socialist Party or Nazis, controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945. He established a one-party government known as the Third Reich. He had unlimited power and used his secret police, the Gestapo, to suppress all opposition with little regard for their civil rights. Schoolchildren were taught Nazi ideas and had to join Hitler's Youth Organization to learn to be good Nazis. The media praised the virtues of Nazism. In 1975, the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot took control of Cambodia and renamed the country Kampuchea. He instituted a reign of terror and tried to drive out all Western influence. From 1975 to 1979, he tried to establish an agrarian society. The Khmer Rouge forced people out of the cities and resettled them in the country. He and his followers killed off the educated classes of the country, and its monks, minority groups, technicians, and artists. It is estimated that 1.5 million to 1.7 million Cambodians died from forced labor, starvation, or execution. From 1936 to 1979, the Somoza family governed Nicaragua. They were repressive but had close ties to the United States because of their anticommunist stance. In 1979, the Sandinistas, a group that included both reform-minded Nationalists and Communists, overthrew the Somoza government. Under Sandinista President Daniel Ortega, they introduced land reform and other socialist policies. They seized lands that belonged to wealthy Somoza supporters and turned them over to peasants. They also taught people to read and write and improved rural healthcare. However, the Sandinistas faced opposition from the upper- and middle-class Nicaraguans who had lost property and opposed the creation of a socialist dictatorship. With the help of the Untied States, which feared that Nicaragua might become a Communist state like Cuba, the contras or forces that opposed the Sandinistas fought a civil war that lasted over a decade and seriously weakened the economy.

Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) These governments did not promote civil liberties such as freedom of speech or press. The Nazi Party, Khmer Rouge, and Sandinistas were dictators and did not promote democracy.
(2) In Germany and Nicaragua, women had the right to vote prior to the rise of the Nazi Party and the Sandinistas. In Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, voting rights were never extended to women.
(3) The Nazis, Khmer Rouge, and Sandinistas never won the support of all groups. Hitler banned all political parties, like the Communists who opposed him. The educated class and religious groups opposed the Khmer Rouge. In Nicaragua, the upper and middle classes opposed the Sandinistas.

1
8. Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

"It took the Big Four just five hours and twenty-five minutes here in Munich today to dispel the clouds of war and come to an agreement over the partition of Czechoslovakia. There is to be no European war, after all. There is to be peace, and the price of that peace is, roughly, the ceding by Czechoslovakia of the Sudeten territory to Herr Hitler's Germany. The German Führer gets what he wanted, only he has to wait a little longer for it. Not much longer though--only ten days. . . ."

Source: William Shirer, recording of CBS radio report
from Prague, September 29, 1938

The policy that France, Britain, and Italy chose to follow at this meeting is known as

1. appeasement 3. liberation

2. self-determination 4. pacification

1 This passage described the Munich Conference. The policy that France, Britain, and Italy chose to follow at this meeting is known as appeasement. Appeasement was a policy followed by several European leaders in the 1930s. These European leaders agreed to the demands of an aggressor to preserve peace at any cost. In September 1938, Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland, a region in Czechoslovakia bordering on Germany and inhabited by about three million German-speaking people, be given to Germany. The Czech government, a democracy under President Edward Benes, refused to yield. They asked for help from France. The Munich Conference, held on September 29, 1938, tried to resolve the problem. Germany, France, Britain, and Italy attended, but the Czechs were not invited. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain believed that he could preserve peace by giving into Hitler's demands. The Western democracies agreed that Germany would seize control of the Sudetenland, and in exchange Hitler pledged to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders. Less than six months after the Munich meeting, Hitler's troops took over the rest of Czechoslovakia and Mussolini seized Albania. In August 1939, England and France refused to give in to Hitler's demand that Poland return the former German port of Danzig. But appeasement had convinced Hitler that neither nation would risk war. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France honored their guarantee to Poland and declared war on Germany. World War II had started. Appeasement had failed to keep peace.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Self-determination is the right of people to make their own decisions about their political and economic development.
(3) Liberation describes the efforts of people or nations to gain political and economic freedom.
(4) Pacification is a term used to show how a government tries to establish peace and security in their own country.

2
9. The Treaty of Versailles contributed to the economic collapse of Germany after World War I by

1. mandating economic reforms in Germany 3. placing a quota on goods exported from Germany

2. requiring that Germany pay for war damages 4. devaluing German currency

2 The Treaty of Versailles contributed to the economic collapse of Germany after World War I by requiring that Germany pay for war damages. Many Germans blamed the Treaty of Versailles for the country's troubles. According to Article 231, the Germans had to accept full responsibility for the war by signing the war-guilt clause. As a result, Germany had to pay reparation payments of more than $32 million. Many Germans believed that these reparations contributed to the nation's economic decline. To pay for the heavy reparation payments to the Allies, Germany had to print more money. As a result, the value of the German currency, the mark, fell rapidly. Severe inflation set in. The Germans needed more money to buy even the basic goods. It was reported that in 1923, a loaf of bread cost 200 billion marks. People took wheelbarrows full of money to buy food. Eventually, the mark became worthless. Despite a brief recovery in the mid-1920s, the Great Depression destroyed any hope of recovery. In the 1930s, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party gained support by claiming that Hitler would tear up the Versailles Treaty and denounce the war-guilt clause. He promised to restore order to the economic chaos created by the reparations payment as well as the loss of Germany's overseas empires and the territories in Europe.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Versailles Treaty did not mandate any economic reforms in Germany. The treaty helped to set up the Weimar Republic, a new democratic government. It never outlined economic changes for Germany.
(3) The Versailles Treaty did not place a quota on foods exported from Germany.
(4) The Versailles Treaty led to rampant inflation of the German currency, not its devaluation, which is a lowering of the country's currency. In the 1920s, it was reported that four trillion marks were equivalent to one United States dollar.

4
10. The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the division of Germany into East Germany and West Germany, and the Korean War were immediate reactions to

1. Japanese military aggression in the 1930s 3. ethnic conflict and civil war in Africa in the 1950s

2. the rise of German nationalism after World War I 4. communist expansion after World War II

4 The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the division of Germany into East Germany and West Germany, and the Korean War were immediate reactions to communist expansion after World War II. In 1946, the United States and other western European countries saw communism as an evil force creeping across Europe and threatening countries around the world. The United States, which emerged with Russia as one of the two super powers at the end of the war, adopted a policy of containment. This policy was designed to give economic and military assistance to countries fighting against communism. In February 1948, the Soviets tried to take over all of Berlin by closing all access to the city. The United States, and its allies who controlled West Berlin, began a massive airlift to feed and supply West Berlin. The Soviets ended the blockade in a year. This incident led to the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) when the Allies merged their zones into this new state. The Soviets responded by turning their zone into the communist country of East Germany. Thus, Germany was divided into two states. After the Berlin airlift, the United States, Canada, and western Europe formed NATO in 1949. The main aim of the alliance was protection against Soviet aggression. In 1945, Korea, which had been a colony of Japan since 1910, was divided at the 38th parallel. North Korea was occupied by Soviet troops, South Korea by American troops. When the United States and Russia failed to agree regarding Korean unification and Russia refused to cooperate with UN election procedures, Korea remained divided. In the North, the People's Republic of Korea with its capital at Pyongyang kept close ties with the Soviet Union and China. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, maintained links with the United States. By mid-1949, both Soviet and American troops had withdrawn from Korea. On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces, hoping to unify the country under a communist government, invaded South Korea. The United Nations Security Council, in the absence of the Soviet Union, condemned the invasion and organized an army to oppose it. While 16 countries contributed troops to the UN forces, more than 90 percent of the soldiers came from the United States. Commanded by Douglas MacArthur, the UN forces drove the communist Koreans back to North Korea and within six weeks had conquered most of North Korea. In November 1950, the Chinese communists came to the aid of North Korea and forced the UN army to retreat. By the summer of 1951, the battle lines stabilized near the 38th parallel. On July 27, 1953, the two sides agreed to stop fighting and accepted an armistice line that continues to divide Korea at the 38th parallel. The Korean War, which lasted more than three years, resulted in the death of five million people.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (3) None of the reactions relates to the Japanese aggression of the 1930s, German nationalism after World War I, or ethnic conflict and civil war in Africa in the 1950s. The world community ignored Japanese aggression in Asia, and the rise of German nationalism after World War I led to the formation of the Nazi Party. The United Nations did not become involved in ethnic conflicts in Africa in the 1950s. The UN was involved in ending colonialism.

2
11. After World War II, the United States provided financial aid to West Germany, Turkey, and Greece because these nations were

1. beginning their industrial development 3. newly independent

2. facing possible communist threats 4. major military partners of the United States

2 After World War II, the United States provided financial aid to West Germany, Turkey, and Greece because these nations were facing possible communist threats. The United States and the Soviet Union had cooperated to win World War II. However, mutual distrust and tension led to a Cold War between the two countries. This tension was a result of differences in political and economic thinking between the democratic, capitalistic United States and the communistic Soviet Union. The United States adopted a policy of containment to limit the spread of communism in Europe and later the world. In 1947, when Stalin began to put pressure on Greece and Turkey, the United States took action. In Greece, Stalin supported communist rebels who were fighting to topple a right-wing monarchy supported by England. Stalin was also creating problems for Turkey in the Dardanelles, linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. When Britain informed the United States that it could no longer defend these areas. President Harry Truman proposed a policy that became known as the Truman Doctrine. Truman soon sent military and economic aid and advisers to Greece and Turkey to help them withstand the communist threat. Divided Germany was another focus of the Cold War. The Western Allies (Britain, France, and the U.S.) decided to unite their zones of occupation and encourage Germany to rebuild industries. Russia, under Joseph Stalin, feared the dangers of a restored Germany. Tensions grew between the democratic West Germany and the Soviet-controlled East Germany. In 1947, the United States proposed the Marshall Plan. Under this plan the U.S. would funnel food and economic assistance to help European countries, like West Germany, to rebuild. The United States hoped that economic aid would reduce communist influence and strengthen democratic government. In 1948, when Stalin tried to force the Allies out of Berlin, the capital (which was located in East Germany), the United States provided food and supplies to the city by running an around-the-clock airlift. The success forced the Soviets to end the blockade and led to the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany).

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) These nations were not beginning their industrial development. They needed financial aid to help them rebuild their economies due to the devastation created by World War II.
(3) These nations were not newly independent. Germany, Turkey, and Greece had become independent nations in the 19th century.
(4) Neither West Germany, Turkey, nor Greece was a major military partner of the United States. World War II had severely destroyed the military power of these three countries.

3
12. "Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated!"
"Germany Declares War on Russia and France!"
"Peace Treaty Signed at Versailles!"
Which event is referred to in these headlines?

1. Franco-Prussian War 3. World War I

2. Crimean War 4. Cold War

3 World War I is the event that is referred to in these headlines. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in August 1914 by a Serbian Nationalist sparked a chain reaction that led to World War I. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia, which supported Serbia, declared war on Austria-Hungary. Germany, which was a member of the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia and France. France was an ally of Russia. England, which was a member of the Triple Entente with France and Russia, declared war on Germany after Germany violated Belgium's neutrality. Germany was defeated in 1918 and signed the Versailles Treaty, which officially ended the war. The Treaty did not resolve the issues that led to World War I and Germany's discontent would lead to World War II in 1939.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The Franco-Prussian War (1871) between Germany and France led to the unification of Germany.
(2) The Crimean War (1853-1856) was fought by Russia against France and England over control of the Dardanelles.
(4) The Cold War was between the United States and Russia. It began after World War II and ended in the late 1980s.

4
13. Which practice was similar under the rule of the Bolsheviks in Russia and of the Nazi Party in Germany?

1. establishing communism in their respective nations 3. increasing the power of the middle class

2. permitting a series of multiparty elections 4. limiting government opposition through intimidation and fear

4 The Bolsheviks of the Soviet Union and the Nazis of Germany were similar in that both totalitarian dictatorships limited opposition to their rule by fear and intimidation. All communications media were censored, opposition parties were not permitted, and those who spoke out against the government were arrested and killed or sent to concentration camps.
WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Bolsheviks established a communist system in the Soviet Union after their revolution succeeded in 1917. The Nazis were strongly opposed to the economic and social teachings of communism even though Nazism and communism had similarities as totalitarian political systems.
(2) Neither the Bolsheviks nor the Nazis permitted opposition parties, thus elections were meaningless.
(3) The power of the middle class declined in Communist Russia and Nazi Germany. Political parties that represented their interests were disbanded. Their economic influence was diminished by close government regulation.

4
14. One reason the Fascist governments of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to power in Italy and Germany was that these nations

1. were threatened by the United States 3. failed to join the League of Nations

2. supported civil liberties for all 4. faced economic and political difficulties

4 The Fascist governments of Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany came to power because these nations faced economic and political difficulties. After World War I, Italy and Germany faced widespread unemployment and inflation that created severe economic unrest. Mussolini and Hitler, the leaders of the Fascists, gained support among the middle class and business leaders by promising to improve the economy. In Germany, the government's policy of simply printing money led to runaway inflation and destroyed the life savings of many people. The inability of the Italian government and the Weimar Republic in Germany to command a majority in Parliament made it difficult to solve each nation's economic problems and maintain law and order.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The United States followed a policy of isolationism and noninvolvement in European affairs during the 1920s and early 1930s.
(2) Fascism is a totalitarian form of government that supports violence to achieve its goal. This type of government has little regard for civil liberties.
(3) Both Italy and Germany joined the League of Nations.

1
15. What was one reason the Nazi programs and policies of the early 1930's appealed to many people in Germany?

1. The people were frustrated with their current economic and political situation. 3. A coup d'etat had forced communism on the German people.

2. Germany had been denied membership in the United Nations 4. The German people feared that the French or the British would soon gain control of the Polish corridor.

1 The Nazi program appealed to many people in Germany in the early 1930s because they were dismayed by Germany's economic and political weakness. Germany, once a major power in Europe, had been humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles, which took away much of its land, limited its armed forces, and imposed harsh reparations. Germany's economy had been very depressed in the early 1920s, then made some recovery in the mid-1920s, but again was in bad shape following the 1929 Great Depression. Hitler gave the German people a scapegoat for their problems and promised to restore national power and rebuild the economy.
WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) The United Nations did not exist before World War II. Germany had been admitted to its predecessor, the League of Nations in the 1920s. However, Hitler withdrew Germany from the league after he came to power.
(3) Hitler tried, but failed, to impose Nazism by a coup d'etat in 1923. Germany was a democratic republic from 1919 to 1933.
(4) The Polish Corridor was Polish territory that separated two parts of Germany. It was not threatened by Great Britain or France. World War II began when Germany invaded Poland to regain the corridor.

4
16. A major factor in the economic recoveries of Japan and West Germany after World War II was their

1. desire to avoid an invasion from China 3. ability to produce nuclear weapons

2. acceptance into the United States 4. need to replace destroyed factories

4 The economies of Japan and West Germany recovered rapidly after World War II because they had to rebuild their factories destroyed by bombing raids during the war. They received considerable economic assistance because the United States wanted them to be economically strong to resist communism and to become allies of the Western democracies during the cold war. The economies of Japan and West Germany soon surpassed those of some of the nations that won the war because their rebuilt factories had more modern, efficient machinery.
WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Neither Japan nor Germany was threatened by invasion from China, which needed to rebuild its own economy after years of civil war, corruption, and war with Japan.
(2) Japan joined the United Nations in 1956; Germany joined in 1973. Both became members after their economic recovery was well underway.
(3) Neither Japan nor Germany developed nuclear weapons. Both would have been blocked by the World War II Allies had they attempted to do so.

2
17. Base your answer on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies.
"The Allied ... governments ... affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility ... for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied ... governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed on them by the aggression of Germany. . . ."
What was a result of the provisions of this document?

1. Allied governments helped rebuild the German economy. 3. The ideas in these provisions served as the basis for the European Union.

2. Resentments about these provisions contributed to the growth of Nazism in Germany. 4. The provisions became a blueprint for lasting peace in Germany.

2 The provisions of this document caused resentment that contributed to the growth of Nazism in Germany. Many Germans blamed the Treaty of Versailles for the country's troubles. The postwar spirit in Germany was one of national humiliation and resentment. Many Germans declared that the nation's economic problems stemmed from the loss of its overseas empire and territories in Europe. They claimed that the excessive reparation payments of over $31 billion contributed to the nation's economic decline. The destruction of Germany's foreign trade after the war led to factory shutdowns, unemployment, and rampant inflation. This led to economic unrest. In the 1920s, it was reported that four trillion marks were equivalent to one dollar. A brief recovery ensued from 1924 to 1929 but the Great Depression destroyed any hope of improvement.

In the 1930s, Germany turned to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to solve its problems. Hitler promised to tear up the Versailles Treaty and denounced the war-guilt clause. He claimed that Germany had been stabbed in the back mainly by the Jews and Communists and not by being defeated by the Allies. By promising to restore Germany's greatness and restore economic stability, Hitler and the Nazi Party gained control of the country and overthrew the Weimar Republic in 1933.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Allied governments did not help rebuild the German economy. England and France faced severe unemployment problems in the 1920s. France occupied the coal-rich Ruhr valley when Germany fell behind in reparations. In 1924, the United States won French and British approval to reduce Germany's reparations payments under the Dawes Plan. France withdrew its forces from the Ruhr and America helped the German economy recover.
(3) The Versailles Treaty created resentment in Germany and Italy rather than unity. Germany resented the harshness of the treaty and violation of nationalism. They claimed there were Germans living in Poland and in Czechoslovakia. These were two nations created after World War I. Italy was angry because the Big Three at Versailles refused to give Italy territory along the Adriatic coast. Instead, these lands became part of the newly created Yugoslavia.
(4) The Versailles Treaty of 1919 created a temporary, and not a lasting, peace for Germany. On September 1, 1939, World War II began when Hitler invaded Poland.

4
18. Base your answer on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies.
"The Allied ... governments ... affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility ... for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied ... governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed on them by the aggression of Germany. . . ."
This passage is taken from which historical document?

1. United Nations Charter 3. Atlantic Charter

2. Treaty of Portsmouth 4. Treaty of Versailles

4 This passage is taken from the historical document known as the Treaty of Versailles. In January, 1919, the Allied powers met at the Versailles Palace, outside of Paris, to work out the terms of peace. The conference was dominated by the "Big Three": Prime Minister Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France (The Tiger), and President Woodrow Wilson of the United States. Each of these leaders had different goals. Wilson wanted a peace treaty based on his Fourteen Points that stressed self-determination by which people could choose their own government. He also supported an international world organization or League of Nations to help establish permanent peace in the future. Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and ensure that Germany would never again be a threat.

The Versailles Peace Treaty was signed on June 28, 1919, five years to the date of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the event that had led to World War I. The treaty was guided by the ideas of Britain and France. Wilson realized that he had compromised his aims to get the principles of the League of Nations into the treaty. In Article 231, Germany accepted responsibility for the war by signing the "war-guilt clause" and accepted sole blame for World War I. As a result, the Germans were obligated to pay reparations or compensation to the Allies for the enormous cost of the war. The final reparation bill came to $31 billion, which Germany was to pay over the next 30 years. Accepting blame and paying the reparations caused bitterness in Germany.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The United Nations Charter was signed in April 1945 at the San Francisco conference. The Charter set forth the purpose, principles, and structure of the World Organization.
(2) The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed in 1905 by Russia and Japan. Theodore Roosevelt helped to negotiate the treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese War. The treaty gave Japan leasehold in Port Arthur, the southern half of the Sakhalin Islands and Russia's mining interest in Manchuria.
(3) The Atlantic Charter was framed by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in 1941. They promised the right of all people to choose their own government.

4
19. Which term is often used to describe the actions of Adolf Hitler in Germany and Pol Pot in Cambodia?

1. nonalignment 3. scorched-earth policy

2. neocolonialism 4. genocide

4 The term often used to describe the actions of Adolf Hitler in Germany and Pol Pot in Cambodia is genocide. Genocide is the deliberate effort to kill all members of an ethnic or religious group. Hitler, the dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945, believed in the superiority of the "Aryan race or German superiority." He hated the Jewish people and blamed them for the problems that Germany faced after World War 1. In 1935, Hitler secured the passage of the Nuremberg Laws, which placed severe restrictions on the Jewish people. These laws prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jews or holding teaching or government jobs. On November 9, 1938, during Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), violence spread across Germany. Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities, smashed windows, looted shops, and burned synagogues. Hitler set up concentration camps where Jews were starved, shot, or gassed to death. Hitlers policy of genocide led to the Holocaust, which resulted in the systematic destruction of more than two-thirds of the prewar Jewish population of Europe. It is estimated that six million Jewish people died in the Holocaust.

Pol Pot was the Khmer Rouge leader who took control of Cambodia in 1978. He named the country Kampuchea and was determined to apply the methods and lessons of the Chinese cultural revolution to his country. In a ruthless attempt to transform the country into an agricultural nation and drive out all Western influence, he instituted a reign of terror. From 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge drove people from cities and forced them to work in the fields. He and his followers killed off the educated class of the country, its monks, minority groups, technicians, and artists. Starvation, torture, and execution resulted in the death of three million people or more than one-third of the entire population. Pol Pot was forced from power in 1979 when Vietnam invaded the country. He died in the jungles of northern Cambodia in 1998.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Nonalignment is a policy that some Third World nations followed during the Cold War of not supporting either the United States or the Soviet Union.
(2) Neocolonialism is sometimes used to describe the policy adapted by the Western nations toward the former colonies that have become independent. The Western nations try to dominate these independent nations through economic rather than direct military control.
(3) Scorched-earth policy is a military policy of destroying all crops and industrial equipment and leaving nothing for the use of the enemy.

2
20. A major goal of Joseph Stalin's five-year plans was to

1. encourage communist revolutions in the colonies of the European powers 3. expand the Soviet Union's borders to include warm-water ports

2. transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power 4. reduce the amount of foreign aid coming from the Western Hemisphere

2 A major goal of Joseph Stalin's Five-Year Plans was to transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power. In 1928, Joseph Stalin, who became leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin in 1924, launched the first of a series of Five-Year Plans to make Russia into an industrial giant. Stalin believed that the Soviet Union would be unable to stand up to the capitalist countries unless it modernized rapidly. Stalin established a command economy in which the government made all the economic decisions. Stalin poured resources into building steel mills, dams, and hydroelectric power. He set high goals for coal and oil production. New factories were built to produce chemicals, tractors, and other machines. By 1930, Soviet production in oil, coal, and steel had increased rapidly.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Stalin's Five-Year Plans focused on creating economic changes in the Soviet Union, not Communist revolutions in the colonies of the European powers.
(3) Stalin's Five-Year Plans sought to make the Soviet Union economically independent and did not include any steps to expand the Soviet Union's borders to include warm-water ports.
(4) Stalin's Five-Year Plans did not seek to reduce the amount of foreign aid coming from the Western Hemisphere. Western nations never sent foreign aid to the Soviet Union. The goal of the Five-Year Plans was economic advancement without help from the West.

4
21. One similarity between Russia under the czars and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin is that in both types of government these leaders

1. tried to reduce their nation's influence in world affairs 3. supported the creation of a national church

2. developed policies to limit industfial growth 4. established an authoritarian form of government

No Explanation Available.

4
22. Which geographic factor in Russia played a role in Napoleon's defeat in 1812 and Hitler's defeat at Stalingrad in 1944?

1. Siberian tundra 3. arid land

2. Caspian Sea 4. harsh climate

4 The geographic factor in Russia that played a role in Napoleon's defeat in 1812 and Hitler's defeat at Stalingrad in 1944 is the harsh climate. In June 1812, Napoleon marched into Russia with an army of 600,000. Czar Alexander pulled back his troops and refused to be trapped in a battle, causing Napoleon to overextend his supply lines. As the Russians retreated, they adopted a scorched-earth policy of burning crops and villages. Desperate soldiers deserted the French army to search for scraps of food. When Napoleon captured Moscow in September, he found the city in ashes; Russian patriots had destroyed most of it. By October, when the czar did not make a peace offer, Napoleon was too late to advance and perhaps too late even to retreat. He could not feed and supply his army through the long Russian winter. In October, he ordered his starving army to retreat. The 1,000-mile retreat from Moscow turned into a desperate battle. Russian raiders attacked Napoleon's ragged army. Soldiers staggered through the snow and dropped in their tracks as the temperatures fell to 35 degrees below zero. A French soldier noted that many of the soldiers were walking barefoot, using pieces of wood as canes, but their feet were frozen so hard that they sounded like wooden clogs. By the middle of December when the last survivors crossed the border out of Russia, Napoleon had lost three-fourths of his army. The 1,000-mile retreat from Moscow was a disaster and Napoleon's first great military defeat. In June 1941, Hitler launched a major attack against Russia called Operation Barbarossa, which was named after the German king who had participated in the First Crusade during the 11th century. By October 1941, Hitler's army of over 3 million men had surrounded Leningrad in the north, which was within 25 miles of Moscow. Russia did not collapse. The German invaders were not prepared for the cold Russian winter. Germans, in summer uniform, froze to death as the temperature plummeted to 20 degrees below zero. Their fuel and oil froze as trucks and weapons became useless. At the siege of Leningrad, which lasted 90 days, the Russians fought valiantly. More than 1.5 million citizens died during this siege, and some inhabitants even resorted to cannibalism. Hitler then turned south to try to take Stalingrad. Russian troops and a freezing winter caused the German invaders to surrender. The Germans lost over 300,000 men. After the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, the Russian army slowly began to drive the Germans out of the Soviet Union. The harsh Russian winter had contributed to the failure of both Napoleon and Hitler to conquer Russia.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (3) None of these geographic factors affected Napoleon in 1812 or Hitler in 1944. The Siberian tundra is located in the northeastern part of Russia. These men did not invade that area. Neither the Caspian Sea nor the arid land contributed to Napoleon's and Hitler's defeats. Both of these men invaded with large land forces, and there were no battles near the Caspian Sea or on arid land.

3
23. Under Joseph Stalin, peasants in the Soviet Union were forced to

1. become members of the ruling party 3. join collective farms

2. support the Russian Orthodox Church 4. move to large cities

3 Under Joseph Stalin, peasants in the Soviet Union were forced to join collective farms. In 1928, there were more than 25 million small farms in Russia. In that year, Stalin announced that these privately owned farms would be abolished and would be replaced by collective farms. Collectives were large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group. Peasants would be allowed to keep their houses and personal belongings but all farm animals and tools were to be turned over to the collectives. The state set all prices and controlled access to farm supplies. The government planned to provide all the necessary equipment (tractors and fertilizers) and teach farmers modern methods in order to increase the output of grain. Surplus grain would be sold abroad to earn money to invest in industrial growth. The peasants resisted Stalin's policy of collectivization. Many peasants destroyed their crops and livestock in protest. Stalin showed no mercy and ordered the peasants to be shot on sight. Between 5 to 10 million peasants died. By 1935, 95 percent of Russian farms had become collectives.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Stalin never made peasants members of the ruling party. Only a small fraction of Soviet citizens were members of the ruling or Communist Party. This elite group included industrial managers, scientists, and military leaders.
(2) Stalin never supported the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1929, Stalin closed churches, synagogues, and mosques.
(4) Soviet peasants were not shipped to large cities but were sent to Siberia if they refused to join collective farms. Peasants were expected to work on collective farms to feed workers in the cities.

4
24. Pol Pot, Joseph Stalin, and Slobodan Milosevic were similar in that each leader supported actions that

1. modernized their economies 3. supported minority rights

2. introduced democratic ideas 4. violated human rights

4 Pol Pot, Joseph Stalin, and Slobodan Milosevic were similar in that each leader supported actions that violated human rights. Human rights, such as freedom of expression, life, and liberty, are those freedoms that all people are entitled to as members of society. In 1975, the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot took control of Cambodia. He instituted a reign of terror and tried to drive out all Western influence. From 1975 to 1979, he tried to establish a purely agrarian society. Pol Pot forced people out of the cities and resettled them in the country. It is estimated that 1.5 to 1.7 million Cambodians, or nearly one-third of the population, died from forced labor, starvation, or execution in the killing fields.
Joseph Stalin was the Soviet dictator who ruled Russia from 1924 to 1953. His secret police arrested and executed millions of suspected traitors. When wealthy landowners opposed his policy of collectivization, he eliminated them as a class. Many were shot or deported to forced labor camps. Close to 15 million peasants were forced into collective state farms. During the Great Purge of the 1930s, Stalin removed people who threatened his power. It has been estimated that the total number of Russians who died during his dictatorship range between 20 and 30 million.
The breaking up of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992 sparked ethnic violence in Bosnia among Serbs, Croatians, and Muslims. Slobodan Milosevic, the Yugoslav president, who was Serbian, began a policy of ethnic cleansing to destroy all non-Serbs. The Serbs dominated Yugoslavia. Milosevic forcibly removed other ethnic groups from the areas that Serbia controlled. Hundreds of thousands of Bosnians became refugees living on food sent by the United Nations and charities. Others were brutalized or killed. Milosevic also waged a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against Muslim Kosovans. In November, 1999, NATO forces started a military campaign against Yugoslavia. Milosevic was forced to retreat and was ousted from power. The International Court at The Hague is trying Milosevic for crimes against humanity.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Joseph Stalin's Five-Year Plan sought to modernize the economy. However, Pol Pot wanted to return to an agrarian society and he rejected Western influence. Slobodan Milosevic did not focus on modernizing the economy. His goal was to expand Serbian control in the former Yugoslavia.
(2) All of these men were dictators and they did not introduce democratic ideas.
(3) These leaders did not support minority rights. Their governments violated the basic civil rights of individuals in society.

3
25. Which type of economic system was used by both Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong to accelerate the economic growth of their respective nations?

1. mixed 3. command

2. market 4. traditional

3 The type of economic system that was used by both Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong to accelerate the economic growth of their respective nations was a command economy. A command economy is one in which the government makes all the decisions on what to produce, how much to produce, as well as setting the price of goods. In 1928, Joseph Stalin, who became leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin in 1924, launched the first of a series of Five-Year Plans to make Russia into an industrial giant. Stalin believed that the Soviet Union would be unable to stand up to the capitalist countries unless it modernized rapidly. Stalin poured resources into building steel mills, dams, and hydroelectric power. He set high goals for coal and oil production. New factories were built to produce chemicals, tractors, and other machines. By 1930, Soviet production in oil, coal, and steel increased rapidly. In 1949, Mao Zedong and the Communists gained control of China. Mao wanted to transform China from an agricultural society into a modern industrial nation. In 1958, Mao launched the Great Leap Forward. He called on the Chinese to make superhuman efforts to achieve modernization. To make farms more productive, he divided China into communes, a group of people who lived and worked together and held property in common. Communists had production quotas for the amounts of agricultural or industrial output that they were to produce. The Great Leap Forward was a failure. Commune-based industries turned out poorly made goods. Agricultural output also declined. In the early 1960s, Mao had to abandon the Great Leap Forward in favor of less ambitious plans.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) A mixed economy is an economic system combining government regulation of industries with private enterprise or capitalistic characteristics.
(2) A market economy is an economic system in which the laws of supply and demand influence the decisions of the consumers.
(4) A traditional economy is an economic system in which the basic decisions of society are made according to customs or habits.

1
26. What was the major goal of Joseph Stalin's five-year plans in the Soviet Union?

1. encouraging rapid industrialization 3. improving literacy rates

2. supporting capitalism 4. including peasants in the decisionmaking process

1 The major goal of Joseph Stalin's Five-Year Plans in the Soviet Union was encouraging rapid industrialization. In 1925, Joseph Stalin, who became leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin in 1924, launched the first of seven Five-Year Plans to make Russia into an industrial giant. Stalin established a command economy in which government officials made all economic decisions. The Five-Year Plan emphasized expanding heavy industries such as iron, steel, chemicals, electric power, and machinery. Heavy industry had top priority to produce weapons and strengthen the country militarily. By the 1930s, Stalin had substantially improved Russia's industrial basis. However, the plan gave low priority to light industry or consumer goods. The Communists viewed a higher standard of living as an ultimate, not an immediate, goal.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Stalin did not support capitalism or private ownership. The state directed the Russian economy and controlled all the means of production.
(3) The goals of the Five-Year Plan were economic and were not geared to improving literacy rates.
(4) The peasants were not part of the decisionmaking process. Stalin's policy of collectivization forced peasants to give up their small farms and live on state-owned farms. Stalin crushed farmers who resisted his policy and sent many of them to labor camps.

2
27. Which economic program was implemented by Joseph Stalin?

1. Four Modernizations 3. Great Leap Forward

2. five-year plans 4. perestroika

2 The economic program implemented by Joseph Stalin was the five-year plan. In 1928, Stalin, who became leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, launched the first of a series of five-year plans to make Russia an industrial giant. He believed that the Soviet Union would be unable to stand up to the capitalist countries unless it modernized rapidly, and established a command economy in which the government made all economic decisions. Stalin poured resources into building steel mills, and dams, and set high goals for coal and oil production. New factories were built to produce chemicals, tractors, and other machines. By 1930, Soviet production in oil, coal, and steel had increased rapidly.

Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The Four Modernizations were a set of goals adopted by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s to make China more modern. It involved progress in agriculture, industry, defense, science, and technology.
(3) The Great Leap Forward was introduced by Mao Zedong in China in 1958 to improve China's agricultural and industrial production.
(4) Perestroika was Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of reconstructing the Russian economy in the 1980s. The goal was to promote private enterprise and the free market system instead of a strict government-planned economy.

1
28. A major effect of Josef Stalin's policy of collectivization on Soviet agriculture was

1. a widespread food shortage throughout the nation 3. a surplus of agricultural goods

2. an increase in the export of agricultural products 4. the immediate creation of many small private farms

No Explanation Available.

4
29. Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union emphasized centralized economic planning and five-year plans primarily to

1. produce more consumer goods 3. create a demand for high-quality imports

2. expand exports 4. develop heavy industry

No Explanation Available.

2
30. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin governed by means of secret police, censorship, and purges. This type of government is called

1. democracy 3. limited monarchy

2. totalitarian 4. theocracy

2 Joseph Stalin led a totalitarian form of government in the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953. A totalitarian form of government is a one-party dictatorship that regulates all aspects of the lives of citizens. Stalin demanded obedience from everyone and achieved it through the effective use of terror. The secret police arrested and executed millions of suspected traitors. During the 1930s, Stalin launched the Great Purge. Its purpose was to expel his rivals from the government. During "show trials," Communist leaders confessed to crimes against the government. Police files have estimated that at least four million people were purged and almost one million were executed. Stalin also controlled all artistic and cultural activities through the Communist Party. All art had to praise communism.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) A democracy is a form of government in which supreme power is vested in the people and there is freedom of choice and expression.
(3) A limited monarchy is a government in which the king's power is controlled by a constitution.
(4) A theocracy is a government run by religious leaders.

4
31. An economic accomplishment of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin was

1. achieving the highest standard of living in Eastern Europe 3. exporting large surpluses of wheat and other grains

2. filling retail stores with an abundance of consumer goods 4. increasing production of heavy industrial machinery

4 An economic accomplishment of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin was increasing production of heavy industrial machinery. In 1928, Joseph Stalin, who became leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin in 1924, launched the first of a series of Five-Year Plans to make Russia into an industrial giant. Stalin believed that the Soviet Union would be unable to stand up to the capitalist countries unless it modernized rapidly. Stalin established a command economy in which the government made all the economic decisions. Stalin poured resources into building steel mills, dams, and hydroelectric power. He set high goals for coal and oil production. New factories were built to produce chemicals, tractors, and other machines. By 1930, Soviet production in oil, coal, and steel increased rapidly.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) During Joseph Stalin's regime, Russia never achieved the highest standard of living in Eastern Europe. Wages remained low and the overall standard of living was poor. The Communists viewed a higher standard of living as an ultimate, not an immediate goal.
(2) Stalin's economic program did not result in filling retail stores with an abundance of consumer goods. Consumer goods were scarce. Central planning was inefficient and caused shortages in some areas and surpluses in others. Many managers were concerned only with meeting production quotas and turned out large quantities of low-quality goods. The Soviet Union never matched the capitalist economies in making consumer goods such as clothing, cars, and refrigerators.
(3) Stalin's agriculture policy of collectivization forced peasants to give up their small farms and live on state-owned farms. This led to famine and not to the exporting of large surpluses of wheat and other grains. When Russian farmers in the Ukraine resisted collectivization, Stalin seized their food supplies and sealed off the entire region. Between 5 and 10 million people died as a result of collectivization and state terror.

1
32. One way in which Maximilien Robespierre, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Saddam Hussein are similar is that these leaders all

1. purged their nations of political opponents 3. supported the ideals of the European Enlightenment

2. followed the teachings of Karl Marx 4. obtained their goals through the use of passive resistance

1 One way in which Maximilien Robespierre, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Saddam Hussein are similar is that these leaders all purged their nations of political opponents. Robespierre was a radical leader of the French Revolution who was known as "the incorruptible." He instituted a Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794. As leader of the Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre was determined to protect France from foreign and domestic enemies. The Committee arrested all persons suspected of treason. More than 40,000 people died during the Terror and all domestic opposition was ended. Joseph Stalin was the Communist dictator of Russia who ruled from 1924 to 1953. His secret police arrested and executed millions of suspected traitors. During the Great Purges of the 1930s, he removed people who threatened his leadership from positions of authority. Many were exiled or thrown into prison camps. Leon Trotsky, one of the early Bolshevik leaders, was forced to free Russia and was executed in Mexico in 1940. Mao Zedong was the Communist leader who ruled China from 1950 to 1976. He set up a one-party dictatorship that denied people their basic rights and freedom. In 1966, he launched the Cultural Revolution to purge China of those who had strayed from the basic principles of Communism. Mao and his wife, Jiang Jing, insisted on strict obedience to revolutionary principles. The Red Guards waving the "Little Red Book" of Mao's sayings targeted people in authority from party leaders, factory workers, teachers, and writers who had betrayed Communism. These traitors were publicly humiliated, beaten, or sometimes killed. The Red Guard burned books and closed universities. In 1968, Mao called on the army to restore order. In 1973, Saddam Hussein, a member of the Ba'ath Party, took control in Iraq. Hussein surrounded himself with close family members and crushed all opposition. It is reported that people are arrested in Iraq for disloyalty for spilling coffee on a newspaper photo of Hussein. Hussein has eliminated family members who opposed his government and has crushed the Kurdish minority in northern Iraq.

4
33. In the late 1980's, Mikhail Gorbachev's decision to stop interfering in the internal affairs of Eastern European nations led directly to

1. the collapse of the free-market economics in the region 3. a renewal of religious violence between Orthodox Christians and Russian Jews

2. an increase in Cold War tensions 4. the collapse of the communist governments in the region

No Explanation Available.

2
34. One similarity between V. I. Lenin's New Economic Policy and Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika is that both policies

1. supported collectivization of farms in the Soviet Union 3. increased citizen participation in the Soviet Government

2. allowed some aspects of capitalism in the Soviet economy 4. strengthened governmental control over the Soviet Republics

No Explanation Available.

2
35. In the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev, the trend toward private ownership of businesses represented a move away from

1. a traditional economy 3. a free-market economy

2. a command economy 4. laissez-faire economics

2 In the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev the trend toward private ownership of business represented a move away from a command economy. A command economy is an economy in which the government makes all the production decisions on what and how to produce goods. In 1928, Joseph Stalin began a series of Five-Year Plans that brought all economic activities under government control. The purpose of these Five-Year Plans was to build up the heavy industries (steel and iron), improve transportation, and increase farm output. Under Stalin and his successors, the officials of the Soviet Union made all the basic economic decisions. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the idea of perestroika. Gorbachev wanted to restructure the failing state-run command economy. In 1986, he made changes to revive the Soviet economy. His goal was to stimulate growth and make the economic system more efficient. Local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories and people were allowed to open small private businesses. Gorbachev backed free-market reforms. Perestroika had some negative effects. Inflation increased and there were shortages of food and medicine.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) A traditional economy is a system in which economic decisions are made according to customs or habits.
(3) A free-market economy is a system in which privately owned businesses decide what to produce and sell, as well as determine the cost of their products.
(4) Laissez-faire economics is a belief that the best policy for the government should be to not interfere in businesses or to limit their involvement in the economy. The government should have a "hands-off policy" toward businesses.

4
36. In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev's attempts to change the Soviet Union resulted in

1. an increase in tensions between India and the Soviet Union 3. a shift from producing consumer goods to producing heavy machinery

2. a strengthening of the Communist Party 4. a series of economic and political reforms

4 In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev's attempts to change the Soviet Union resulted in a series of economic and political reforms. In 1985, Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union. At age 54, he was the youngest Soviet leader since Stalin. He pursued new ideas and was eager to reform the government and the economy. Gorbachev realized that economic and social reforms could not occur without a free flow of ideas and information. He launched glasnost, or openness. He ended censorship and encouraged more freedom. The government allowed more churches to open, and Gorbachev released dissidents from prison. He also restructured the state economy in a process called perestroika. He backed some free-market reforms, including limited private enterprise. Gorbachev's policies had a widespread impact. Relations with the United States improved, and treaties reduced the threat of war.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Gorbachev's attempts at change did not lead to an increase in tensions between India and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had supported India during the Cold War. India, as a democratic nation, encouraged Gorbachev's efforts at reform.
(2) Gorbachev's attempts at change did not strengthen the Communist Party. In the past, voters could vote only for candidates who were handpicked by the Communist Party. Under glasnost, voters could choose from a list of candidates for each office. Voters were no longer required to vote for the candidates selected by the powerful Communist bosses.
(3) Gorbachev's attempts at change did not result in a shift from producing consumer goods to producing heavy machinery. Gorbachev wanted the Russian economy to produce more consumer good like televisions and washing machines instead of steel and iron products. By reducing the arms race, Gorbachev hoped to improve consumer production.

1
37. One way in which Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy and Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika are similar is that both

1. allowed elements of capitalism within a communist economic system 3. supported censorship of news and of personal correspondence

2. strengthened their country's military defenses 4. increased tensions during the Cold War

1 One way in which Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy and Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika are similar is that both allowed elements of capitalism within a Communist economic system. Lenin is considered the Father of Russian Communism. In 1917, Lenin and his Bolshevik, or Communist, Party seized control of the government and established the first Communist nation in Europe. At first, Lenin ended private ownership of land and distributed land to the peasants. Workers gained control of the factories and mines. However, a civil war lasting three years resulted in economic disaster. In 1921, Lenin was forced to adapt the New Economic Policy (NEP). Under this plan, peasants were allowed to sell surplus crops on the open market and private owners were allowed to operate retail stores for profit. The government, however, still retained control of the banking system and major industries. The New Economic Policy was a temporary retreat from Communism. Lenin died in 1924, but the change in policy revived the economy and enabled the Communist Party to survive in Russia. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the idea of perestroika. Gorbachev wanted to restructure the failing state-run command economy. In 1986, he made changes to revive the Soviet economy. His goal was to stimulate growth and make the economic system more efficient. Local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories, and people were allowed to open small private businesses. Gorbachev backed free-market reforms. Perestroika had some negative effects. Inflation increased, and there were shortages of food and medicine.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) and (3) Neither of these policies were designed to strengthen their country's military defenses or support censorship of news and of personal correspondence. Both the New Economic Policy and perestroika were developed to improve the economy of Communist Russia.
(4) Lenin died in 1924, which was 23 years before the Cold War emerged between the United States and Russia. Gorbachev's policies of economic and political reform aimed at reducing, not increasing, tension during the Cold War. Western leaders believed that Gorbachev wanted to improve relationships with Europe and the United States.

2
38. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost resulted in

1. an era of world peace and Soviet prosperity 3. a successful transition to a command economy in Russia

2. conditions that helped lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union 4. censorship of the news media in Russia

2 Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost resulted in conditions that helped lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union. In 1985, Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union. At 54, he was the youngest Soviet leader since Stalin. He pursued new ideas and was eager to reform the government and the economy. Gorbachev realized that economic and social reforms could not occur without a free flow of ideas and information. He launched a policy of glasnost or "openness." He ended most censorship and encouraged more freedom. The government allowed more churches to open and released dissidents from prison. Gorbachev also restructured the state economy in a process called perestroika. He backed some free market reforms, including limited private enterprise. Gorbachev's policies had widespread impact. Relations with the United States improved and treaties reduced the threat of war. Glasnost led to unrest, however, in the multinational Soviet empire. In 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down, leading to the eventual reunification of Germany. In 1991, the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, which had been seized by Stalin during World War II, became independent. In Eastern Europe, countries such as Poland and Rumania broke out of the Soviet orbit. In August 1991, Gorbachev resigned and Boris Yeltsin eventually became the first directly-elected leader in Russian history. On December 12, 1991, the government of the Soviet Union was replaced by a commonwealth of independent nations. The Soviet Union had ceased to exist.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Gorbachev's program did not result in an era of world peace and Soviet prosperity. His policy of perestroika, or economic reform, did not bring about economic prosperity. Perestroika led to inflation and shortages of food and medicine. Gorbachev's policy of glasnost won support among western leaders for efforts to end the Cold War, but the political changes led to unrest and revolts among the Soviet satellite countries, such as Poland and Hungary, as well as the destruction of the Berlin Wall.
(3) Gorbachev's reforms were designed to transform the Russian economy into a market economy, not a command economy. He believed that Russia's economy, first established by Stalin under the Five Year Plan, needed to be reformed.
(4) Gorbachev's policy sought to end censorship, not promote censorship of the media.

1
39. One way in which Lech Walesa, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Nelson Mandela are similar is that each

1. led the people of his nation toward a more democratic government 3. worked to end communism in his country

2. fought for power for the black majority over the white minority 4. refused to participate in the United Nations

1 One way in which Lech Walesa, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Nelson Mandela are similar is that each led the people of his nation toward a more democratic government. In the 1980s, Poland's economic hardships caused labor unrest. Lech Walesa, an electrician working in the Gdansk shipyard of Poland, led a strike for better wages and living conditions against the Communist government. He organized an independent trade union called Solidarity. With millions of members, Solidarity called for political change. It demanded that all unions be free of communist control. At first, the Soviet Union pressured the Polish government to outlaw Solidarity and arrest Walesa. Military rule was established. However, international pressure forced Poland to release Walesa, and martial law was lifted in 1983. The Communist government legalized Solidarity and held the first free elections in 50 years on June 4, 1989. The Solidarity candidates, who outpolled the Communists, became the first freely elected opposition in a communist country. In 1990, Lech Walesa was elected first president of a democratic Poland. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union. At 54, he was the youngest Soviet leader since Stalin. Gorbachev also introduced a policy of glasnost, or openness, in Soviet society. New election laws gave voters a choice among candidates even though the Communist Party remained the only legal party. Censorship ended, and free speech was promoted. Attacks on the crimes of the Stalin era appeared often in Soviet plays and newspapers, and the works of writers who had been banned for many years were made available. In 1988, a new constitution was adopted calling for elections of a new legislative body. In the past, voters had merely approved candidates who were handpicked by the Communist Party. Now voters could choose from a list of candidates for each office. In 1989, the Soviet Union held its first elections with modified choices since 1917. In some areas where the Communist Party leaders ran unopposed, the people were so angry that they crossed off the ballots the names of party leaders and wrote in local candidates. By 1990, Gorbachev was forced to admit noncommunist parties into the political process. In August 1991, Gorbachev resigned and Boris Yelstin would eventually become the first directly elected president in Russian history. Nelson Mandela led the fight for independence in South Africa. For more than 350 years, the European minority had ruled the South Africans. Nelson Mandela, who was the leader of the African National Congress, was jailed in 1964 for his opposition to apartheid. This policy had resulted in the segregation of the two races. During his 27 years in jail, Mandela became a symbol of the struggle for freedom. In 1990, Mandela was released from prison and continued to fight for freedom. In 1994, South Africans of all races voted and the people elected Mandela as their first president.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Only Nelson Mandela fought for power for the black majority over the white minority. Lech Walesa fought for democracy in Poland, and Mikhail Gorbachev promoted political freedom in the Soviet Union.
(3) Walesa was the only political leader who worked to end communism. Mandela promoted democratic reform, and Gorbachev tried to reform, not end, communism.
(4) None of these leaders refused to participate in the United Nations.

1
40. A totalitarian society is one in which

1. the government controls most aspects of life 3. the state is considered a servant of the citizens

2. religious beliefs are supported by the government 4. citizens can publicly criticize the actions of the leaders

1 A totalitarian society is one in which the government controls most aspects of life. In a totalitarian government one person or group dominates the political, economic, social, religious, educational, and cultural life of the nation, such as family life, business, and the arts. Under totalitarianism, individual citizens have no rights. Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Soviet Union, and Mao's China are examples of 20th-century totalitarian states.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) A totalitarian government does not support religious beliefs. Freedom of religion is not encouraged because all loyalty is directed to support the aims of the state.
(3) In a totalitarian society, the citizens are considered the servants of the state. The government demands total obedience to authority and personal sacrifices for the state.
(4) In a totalitarian society, citizens cannot publicly criticize the actions of the leaders. Citizens are denied basic liberties and are severely punished for criticizing the government.

3
41. Totalitarian countries are characterized by

1. free and open discussions of ideas 3. government control of newspapers, radio, and television

2. a multiparty system with several candidates for each office 4. government protection of people's civil liberties

3 Totalitarian countries are characterized by government control of newspapers, radio, and television. Totalitarianism is a 20th-century system of government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates all aspects of the lives of citizens. By using modern technology, the totalitarian state can bombard the public with relentless propaganda, stressing the importance of the state over the individual. Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Soviet Union, and Mao's China were examples of totalitarian states. For example, in the Soviet Union, radios and loudspeakers blared into factories and villages. In movie theaters and schools, citizens heard about Communist successes and the evils of capitalism. Newsreels and newspapers proclaimed the misery of workers under capitalism and praised communism. The government controlled all the newspapers and what books were published. In totalitarian countries, the government expected obedience from everyone and achieved it through the effective use of terror. In all totalitarian countries, the needs of the state are more important than those of the individual.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Totalitarian countries are not characterized by free and open discussions of ideas. Totalitarian countries do not allow for differences of opinions. The government controls all forms of public discussion or policy.
(2) Totalitarian countries are not characterized by a multiparty system with several candidates for each office. The only political party in the Soviet Union was the Communist Party, and the National Socialist Party was the only political party in Nazi Germany. Until 2003, the only political party in the totalitarian government of Saddam Hussein was the Ba'ath Party.
(4) Totalitarian governments do not provide for the protection of people's civil liberties. Totalitarian countries have no regard for the individual's civil liberties. The state determines what freedoms and liberties an individual possesses.

4
42. One characteristic of a totalitarian state is that

1. minority groups are granted many civil liberties 3. citizens are encouraged to criticize the government

2. several political parties run the economic system 4. the government controls and censors the media

4 One characteristic of a totalitarian state is that the government controls and censors the media; it controls all aspects of a citizen's life through a one-party dictatorship. Dictators like Benito Mussolini of Italy, Adolf Hitler of Germany, V. L. Lenin and Joseph Stalin of Russia, and Saddam Hussein of Iraq suppressed rival parties and controlled the press. Critics were thrown in jail. Mussolini's Black Shirts assaulted and used terror against those who spoke against him. Hitler used the Gestapo, his secret police, to suppress all opposition; newspapers, radio, and films had to praise the virtues of Nazism. In Russia, Stalin controlled all artistic and cultural activities through the Communist Party. Saddam Hussein crushed all opposition by brutal force. In 1990, a human rights report stated that people were arrested for disloyalty for spilling coffee on a newspaper photo of Hussein.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Totalitarian government suppresses civil liberties such as freedom of the press and speech and has little regard for minority groups. In 1988 and 1991, Saddam Hussein viciously crushed the efforts of the Kurdish minority struggle for basic civil liberties.
(2) In a totalitarian state, the government bans all political parties. Dictators like Hitler and Mussolini allowed only the Nazi or Fascist Party to exist.
(3) Totalitarian leaders used their secret police to jail anyone who criticized the government. Stalin's secret police, the Cheka, killed all enemies of the state.

1
43. Since the end of the Cold War, Cuba has experienced

1. the loss of a major source of its foreign financial support 3. expanded political influence in Latin American affairs

2. increased economic growth from expanded trade 4. greater independence from Communist China

1 Cuba has lost a major source of foreign financial support with the end of the Cold War. The Cold War ended in 1991, the same year the Soviet Union collapsed. Faced with severe economic problems, the communist Soviet Union had earlier reduced the considerable financial support it gave to Cuba, the only communist nation in the Western Hemisphere. Russia ended financial aid to Cuba because of its own persistent economic problems.
WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) The economy of Cuba remains restricted by the embargo on trade with the United States and its outcast status among the world's nations.
(3) Cuba has little influence in Latin American affairs, especially after its failure to help install left-wing governments in Central America.
(4) Cuba has become more dependent on China since 1991 because China is the most powerful communist nation in the world.

2
44.

Blockade of Berlin
Operation of the Berlin Airlift
Organization of the Warsaw Pact
Construction of the Berlin Wall
These events of the Cold War are examples of

1. efforts to prevent military conflict between the superpowers 3. attempts to weaken the Soviet Union's control of its Eastern European allies

2. situations that increased tensions between communist and democratic nations in Europe 4. policies of peaceful coexistence and detente

2 Four Cold War events increased tensions between the communist nations and the Western democracies. The Blockade of Berlin in 1948 was an attempt by the communists to force the occupying forces of the United States, France, and Great Britain from their zones in Berlin by preventing access to the city by road and by rail. The Allies countered the blockade by organizing the Berlin Airlift. They supplied their armed forces and the people of Berlin by ferrying food, fuel, and raw materials across East Germany by air. The communist nations organized the Warsaw Pact, a mutual security alliance to oppose the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed by the Western democracies. In 1961, the communists built a wall across Berlin to physically separate the communist zone of occupation from the combined zones of the Allies. The Berlin Wall divided the city until it was torn down in 1989.
WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) All of the events had the potential of causing armed conflict; however, the opposing nations held off from direct military action that could escalate into a general war.
(3) Except for the Berlin Airlift, all of the events were attempts by the communists to weaken the influence of Western democracies in Eastern Europe.
(4) Peaceful coexistence and detente were periodic attempts to thaw the Cold War by improving relations between communist nations and the West.

2
45. During most of the Cold War period, which two nations were divided into communist and noncommunist parts?

1. China and Mongolia 3. Pakistan and Ireland

2. Vietnam and Korea 4. Poland and Cuba

2 During most of the Cold War period, Vietnam and Korea were divided into communist and noncommunist parts. The Cold War period lasted from 1945 to 1989. At the end of World War II, Vietnamese forces under Ho Chi Minh occupied parts of North Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh, which means "He Who Enlightens," was the Vietnamese leader who was determined to build a communist movement and win independence. When the French refused to recognize his new nation, he began a war to regain control. After eight years of a bitter struggle, the French were defeated at Dienbienphu in 1954 and were forced to withdraw. The Geneva Agreement in 1954 divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel with elections to be held within two years to unite the country. Ho Chi Minh and his communist followers established a government in the North. South Vietnam came under the control of the noncommunist government led by Ngo Dinh Diem. The Diem Regime rejected plans for an all-Vietnamese election because he feared losing to the Communists. Diem claimed that honest elections were impossible in the North. The United Sates, fearful of a communist takeover in South Vietnam, continued the struggle and provided military support to help South Vietnam. Although Minh died in 1969, the Vietnamese War continued. In 1975, communist forces captured Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, and Vietnam became a united country in 1975.
At the end of World War II, North Korea was occupied by Russian troops and South Korea by American troops. Russia and the United States failed to agree regarding Korean unification and Russia resisted the United Nations' attempts to unify the country by free elections. In North Korea, Russia established a communist government and South Korea established an independent anticommunist government. In June, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea seeking to unify the country by force. Led by General Douglas MacArthur, United Nations forces prevented a northern takeover of South Korea. An armistice was signed in 1953 that ended the war. However, Korea was still divided at the 38th parallel between North and South. Although the Cold War ended in 1989, Korea is still divided.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (3), and (4) None of these nations was ever divided into communist and noncommunist parts.

3
46. During the Cold War period, India's foreign policy was committed to

1. supporting communism in Asia 3. nonalignment with the world powers

2. rejecting democracy in Pakistan 4. isolationism in international commerce

3 India chose a foreign policy of nonalignment after it became independent in 1947. India followed neither the policy of the Soviet Union nor that of the Western democracies during the Cold War. Instead, India became a leader of the nonaligned nations, mostly the newly independent nations of Africa and Asia, that wanted good relations with both the communist nations and the Western democracies while pursuing independent, neutralist foreign policies.
WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) India opposed communism in Asia, though it did not intervene in communist-led movements to take over governments in Southeast Asia.
(2) India and Pakistan have had hostile relations during the post-World War II era because of their dispute over Kashmir. India had little influence on political developments in Pakistan, though India preferred a democracy over the dictatorships in Pakistan for much of its history.
(4) India's foreign policy encouraged trade with other nations as part of its program of economic development and industrialization.

3
47. During the Cold War Era (1945-1990), the United States and the Soviet Union were reluctant to become involved in direct military conflict mainly because of

1. the peacekeeping role of the United Nations 3. the potential for global nuclear destruction

2. pressure from nonaligned nations 4. increased tensions in the Middle East

No Explanation Available.

2
48. Base your answer on the list and on your knowledge of social studies. What does this list of events suggest about the Cold War Era?

1. Throughout the period, the United States and the Soviet Union were reluctant to solve conflicts. 3. Economics played a key role in causing conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union.

2. The level of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union varied. 4. The United Nations was instrumental in reducing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

No Explanation Available.

4
49. The end of the Cold War is best symbolized by the

1. establishment of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 3. withdrawal of United Nations forces from Sonalia and from Kuwait

2. formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Common Market 4. destruction of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany

No Explanation Available.

4
50. Which headline concerning the Soviet Union refers to a Cold War event?

1. Yeltsin Assumes Power 3. Germany lnvades USSR

2. Trotsky Forms Red Army 4. Warsaw Pact Formed

4 "Warsaw Pact Formed" is a cold war event because it took place in 1955 after the cold war began in 1946 and before it ended in 1990. The cold war was formally declared over in 1990 in a joint declaration issued by President Gorbachev of the Soviet Union and President Bush of the United States. The Warsaw Pact was a mutual security treaty signed by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union as a communist response to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. The Warsaw Pact was disbanded in 1991 by President Gorbachev of the Soviet Union because many of the members in Eastern Europe indicated their intention to withdraw from the alliance.
WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) "Yeltsin Assumes Power" was not a cold war event because it took place in December 1991 when the Soviet Union broke up. Yeltsin had been elected president of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic in July 1991 at a time when Russia had limited power as one of the fifteen republics in the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union no longer existed and President Gorbachev had no Soviet Union to govern, Yeltsin claimed full power as the duly elected president of the Russian Federation. (2) "Trotsky Forms Red Army" took place during the civil war in Russia that followed the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. (3) "Germany Invades U.S.S.R." took place in 1941, bringing the Soviet Union into World War II.

3
51. The political climate of the Cold War caused the world's two superpowers to

1. cooperate in halting the spread of communism 3. compete economically and militarily

2. colonize Africa and Asia 4. protect human rights

3 The political climate of the Cold War caused the world's two superpowers to compete economically and militarily. The Cold War was an ideological and economic struggle between the Untied States and the Soviet Union. The Cold War began in 1945 and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The United States represented the forces of democracy and the Soviet Union represented the forces of communism. The Cold War was a war of words, which was fought by the use of military alliances and economic rivalry to show which system was superior. In 1947, the United States began the Truman Doctrine to stop the spread of communism in Greece and Turkey. Later, the United States organized the European Economic Recovery, which gave Western European countries more than $17 billion in aid from 1947 to 1951. The purpose of the Marshall Plan, named after the United States Secretary of State, was to rebuild the economies of Europe as a way to strengthen democracy against communism. Although the United States offered economic aid to Eastern European countries, Stalin did not allow these countries to accept any form of aid. He was determined to make these Soviet satellites dependent upon Russia for economic and military aid. In 1949, the United States, Canada, and nine Western European countries formed NATO, a defensive alliance designed to protect European countries from communism. In 1955, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact with seven of its satellites in Eastern Europe. This was also a defensive alliance, promising mutual cooperation. Throughout the Cold War, the United States and the Soviets competed with each other in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. Cold War tensions grew bitter in Asia during the Korean War in the 1950s and in Vietnam in the 1960s. In each case the superpowers supported opposing sides with economic aid, advisors, and troops. In the Middle East, the Soviet Union and the United States struggled with each other over ways to resolve the conflict between Israel and Arab nations. In Africa, there was tension over the Belgian Congo in the 1960s, and with Angola and South Africa in the 1970s. In Latin and Central America, Soviet Union support of Castro in Cuba led to tensions with the United States throughout the 1960s and the struggle in Nicaragua and El Salvador in the 1980s added to rivalry between the two superpowers. Throughout the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for worldwide influence without any actual armed conflict between the two nations.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) There was no cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union about communism. The United States wanted to contain communism and the Soviet Union wanted to spread its influence to other countries.
(2) The Cold War did not cause the United States or the Soviet Union to colonize Africa and Asia. Both of these countries supported nationalist movements for freedom. They based their support of national political leaders on whether these leaders were pro democracy or communism.
(4) The Cold War did not cause either of the two superpowers to protect human rights. The United States supported dictatorial regimes in many parts of the world as long as they were opposed to communism. In 1956, the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian rebellion, and in 1965 invaded Czechoslovakia to end liberal reforms in the country. These incidents showed that the Soviet Union would use whatever force necessary to ensure its domination in Eastern Europe.

Gh4 10 21 09
Mr Eisenberg TEACHER ANSWER KEY
October 21, 2009

3
1. The harsh terms included in the treaties ending World War I have been used to explain the

1. Fascist Revolution in Spain 3. rise of Nazism in Germany

2. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia 4. Armenian massacre in Turkey

3 The harsh terms included in the treaties ending World War I have been used to explain the rise of Nazism in Germany. Many Germans declared that the country's economic problems stemmed from the loss of its European territories, overseas colonies, and reparation payments of $35 billion. Germany's rampant inflation in the early 1920s, when 4 trillion marks were equivalent to one dollar, added to the unrest. Although the economy was revived in the mid-1920s, the Great Depression destroyed any hope of recovery. In the 1930s, Germany turned to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party because Hitler claimed that Germany had not lost the war, but had been stabbed in the back at Versailles. He promised to solve the economic chaos and restore Germany's greatness because they were the master race. The Versailles Treaty also created problems in Italy and contributed to the rise of fascism. Although Italy had received Italia Irredentia (territory containing Italian-speaking people) from Austria after World War I, Italian nationalists were disappointed. They wanted more territories in the Middle East and the Balkans. Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party promised to restore the glory of ancient Rome. He appealed to the nationalists who helped him seize power in 1922.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Fascist Revolution of General Francisco Franco in 1936 was a revolt against the elected left of the central government of Spain. After three years of civil war and the extensive support of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Franco gained control of Spain and ruled until his death in 1975.
(2) The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia occurred in November, 1917. The Versailles Treaty and other treaties that ended World War I were signed in 1919-1920. The Communists did not attend the Versailles Conference.
(4) The Armenian massacre in Turkey took place in 1914. When World War I erupted, the Armenians pledged their support to the Turks' enemies. In response, the Turkish government deported nearly 2 million Armenians. Along the way, more than 600,000 died of starvation or were killed by the Turkish soldiers.

4
2.
• Smallpox outbreak spreads throughout Mexico
• Many Incas convert to Christianity in ceremonies in Lima, Peru.
• Spanish and Portuguese are introduced to chocolate, peanuts, tomatoes, and corn.
• Cortes brings Aztec gold and silver treasures to Spain.

Which situation is illustrated in these statements?

1. empathy of Europeans for Native American Indian civilizations 3. the relatively high costs of colonialism

2. triangular trade and its effects on agrarian economies 4. the impact of contact between different peoples

4 These statements illustrate the impact of contact between different peoples. This impact is often called the Encounter. The Encounter refers to the Spanish exploration of the Americas and how the encounter (contact) affected the people of the Americas. In 1519, when Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico, the native population of Central Mexico was 25.3 million and by 1523, it was 16.8 million. It continued to decline to 8 million in 1540 and to a low of 1.5 million in 1605. Smallpox and measles brought by the Spanish weakened the Aztecs. When Francisco Pizzaro destroyed the Inca Empire in Peru in 1532, Spanish missionaries converted the Incas to Christianity. For Spain, winning souls for Christianity was as important as gaining land. Missionaries baptized thousands of Native Americans such as the Incas and Aztecs. They built mission churches and worked to turn new converts into loyal subjects of the Catholic king of Spain. One of the results of the Encounter was that the Spanish and Portuguese brought a wide array of items to Europe that they had never seen. These included such plants as cocoa beans, used to make chocolate; peanuts; tomatoes; corn; and potatoes. Corn and potatoes were easy to grow and became staple foods throughout Europe as well as throughout Africa and Asia. The planting of the first white potato in Ireland and the first sweet potato in China was part of the vast global exchange called the Colombian Exchange.

Hernan Cortes, a Spanish conquistador, landed in Mexico in 1519 and defeated the Aztec Indians in 1522. His success was due to his superior technology and the support of various native groups that disliked the Aztecs. Cortés forced the Aztecs to mine for gold and silver, which were shipped back to Spain. The gold and silver from the colonies in the Americas helped to make Spain a powerful country in the 16th century.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (3) None of these situations are illustrated by these statements. There is no reference to empathy, or mention of the triangular trade that dealt with trade among Europe, Africa, and the Americas, or the high costs of colonialism.

1
3. "Take up the White Man's Burden --
Send forth the best ye breed --
Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need...."
--Rudyard Kipling, The Five Nations (1903)
The words of this poem have been used to support the practice of

1. imperialism 3. cultural borrowing

2. isolationism 4. self-determination

1 The words of this poem have been used to support the practice of imperialism. Imperialism is a policy whereby one nation dominates the political, economical, and social life of another country, region, or area. In the 18th and 19th centuries, industrialized nations, such as England and France, wanted colonies to provide raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods as well as for investment of their surplus capital. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was an English writer whose poems and stories, such as The White Man's Burden, offered a justification for imperialism. Kipling was among the most popular writers in the English-speaking world. He was born in British-ruled India and, after being educated in England, returned to India as a journalist for a number of years. His White Man's Burden glorified imperialism and presented it as a romantic adventure. Kipling expressed the belief that white imperialists had a duty to spread to the undeveloped areas the blessings of Western culture including medicine, law, and Christian religions. His poems, such as The Ballad of East and West and Gunga Din, reinforced the glorification of imperialism.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Isolationism is the practice of limited involvement in world affairs.
(3) Cultural borrowing describes one civilization borrowing ideas and customs from another.
(4) Self-determination is allowing people to decide for themselves their own form of government.

1
4. "I don't know how old I am....I began to work when I was about 9. I first worked for a man who used to hit me with a belt....I used to sleep in the pits that had no more coal in them; I used to eat whatever I could get; I ate for a long time the candles that I found in the pits...."

--E. Royston Pike

adapted from Hard Times,

Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution

What was the one thing that happened in response to the conditions described in this passage?

1. Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto 3. Charles Darwin developed The Origin of Species

2. Garibaldi organized the Red Shirts 4. Ataturk joined the Young Turks

1 The one thing that happened in response to the conditions described in this passage was for Marx to write The Communist Manifesto. By the late 19th century, the misery of the working class and abuses of capitalism disturbed the conscience of many people. The problems created by the Industrial Revolution led to a call for social justice. Two of the leading critics of capitalism were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who worked together to publish The Communist Manifesto in 1848. They wrote that history is a struggle between the haves and have-nots. In ancient times, the struggle was between plebeians and patricians. During the Middle Ages, the struggle was between lords and serfs. In industrial societies, the final struggle is between the factory owners, who are the haves, and the workers, who are the have-nots. Marx predicted that there would be a worldwide revolution in which the workers would rise up against the owners and form a classless society. The conflict was inevitable because workers worldwide were being oppressed by capitalist owners.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian nationalist who helped to unify Italy. He organized a volunteer army of 1,000 men called the Red Shirts to liberate the kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860.
(3) Charles Darwin developed The Origin of the Species in 1859 to support his theory of evolution.
(4) Ataturk, who is considered the founder of Modern Turkey, joined the Young Turks after World War I to help overthrow the sultan. He became the first president in 1923.

4
5. Which statement best describes India's foreign policy between 1947 and 1990?

1. It imitated Great Britain's policies. 3. It rejected all assistance from communist dictatorships.

2. It usually reflected the policies of China. 4. It generally followed a policy of nonalignment.

4 The statement that best describes India's foreign policy between 1947 and 1990 is that it generally followed a policy of nonalignment. Nonalignment was India's policy during the Cold War in which it did not support either the United States or the Soviet Union. In 1947, Prime Minister Nehru announced this policy of nonalignment, which allowed Indians to accept help from both the United States and Russia. Nehru believed that India could ease international tensions by following an independent course. Under Nehru, India helped form a bloc of nonaligned nations. In that role, India arranged a prisoner of war exchange after the Korean War. India also played an active part in the United Nations peacekeeping missions in trouble spots around the world. The policy of nonalignment ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) India did not imitate Great Britain's policies. India's nonalignment policy was opposite from that of Great Britain, which was a staunch ally of the United States throughout the Cold War.
(2) India's foreign policy did not reflect the policies of China. Border disputes between China and India have created tensions between the two nations. China's occupation of Tibet has also strained relations between the two countries.
(3) India did not reject all assistance from Communist dictatorships. While India rejected any military alliance with either the United States or the Soviet Union, it welcomed economic aid from the Soviet Union.

4
6. The fall of the Berlin Wall was followed by

1. an end of democratic rule in Germany 3. an expansion of the Warsaw Pact

2. the rise of a Neo-Nazi movement in Spain 4. the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union

4 The fall of the Berlin Wall was followed by the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union and wanted to end Cold War tensions. He introduced a political policy of glasnost, or openness. This policy ended censorship and encouraged people to openly discuss the problems of the Soviet Union. He also supported a policy of perestroika, which referred to restructuring the Soviet economy. Even before the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Gorbachev's reforms had sparked demands for national independence in the countries under Russia's control. In October, 1989, demonstrations broke out across East Germany and when the police failed to break up the demonstrations, the current East German leader was forced to resign. On November 9, 1989, the new East German leader allowed people to leave East Germany and thousands of East Germans poured into West Germany. Within days, more than two million Germans crossed the border. The crowds were so huge that the government bulldozed new openings in the Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall was torn down by joyous Germans.

As the spirit of freedom swept across Eastern Europe through Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, and Hungary, various nationalists in the Soviet Union began to call for their own freedom. Gorbachev's policy of glasnost had unleashed the forces of ethnic nationalism and social discontent. The Soviet Union consisted of 15 separate republics made up of both Russians and non-Russians. In March, 1990, the Baltic nations of Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia declared their independence. In January, 1991, Soviet troops attacked Lithuania, but the bloody assault and the lack of economic progress in the Soviet Union damaged Gorbachev's popularity. In June, 1991, Boris Yelstin, who criticized the crackdown in Lithuania and the slow pace of reform, was elected president of Russia, the largest and most powerful of the Soviet republics. On August 18, 1991, Communist hard-liners overthrew Gorbachev, but their coup failed. The coup played a role in the breakup of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev recognized the independence of Lithuania and the other Baltic states and by December, all 15 republics had declared their independence. Yelstin met with the leaders of other republics and they agreed to form the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) a loose federation of former Soviet territories. Only the Baltic republics and Georgia refused to join. The former Soviet Union had collapsed on December 25, 1991. Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1991 communism had ceased to exist in Russia.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The fall of Berlin led to free elections, which resulted in the fall of communism and the reunification of East and West Germany under a parliamentary democracy.
(2) The fall of the Berlin Wall was not followed by the rise of a Neo-Nazi movement in Spain. The influx of immigrants from North Africa had contributed to the growth of a vocal right-wing group that wanted to limit immigration.
(3) The fall of the Berlin Wall led to the dissolution, not the expansion, of the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact had been formed in 1955 by Russia and its satellite nations as a mutual defense alliance. The collapse of communism in 1991 made the pact no longer operational.

2
7.
• Failure of the potato crop contributes to famine in Ireland.
• Continued drought overtakes farmlands in Africa.
• Herders search for an oasis for their animals.

Which conclusion can be drawn from these statements?

1. People can control their environments to suit their needs. 3. Geography has a positive impact on people.

2. Environmental conditions often cause people to migrate. 4. Climatic conditions have led to an even distribution of population.

2 The conclusion that can be drawn from these statements is that environmental conditions often cause people to migrate. In the 1840s, Ireland experienced one of the worst famines of modern history. The potato, introduced from the Americas, was the main source of food for most of the Irish. In 1845, a blight or disease destroyed the potato crop. The British, who ruled Ireland, continued to require the Irish to ship these crops outside Ireland. The result was the "Great Famine." Out of a population of 8 million, about 1 million people died from starvation and disease over the next few years. Millions emigrated to the United States and Canada. Beginning in the 1970s, much of Africa was hit by a series of severe droughts. Crops withered, farmlands were destroyed, and millions of people faced starvation. Many of these people migrated to urban areas in search of jobs; others migrated to countries in Western Europe and the United States. The United Nations met recently in New York to discuss how to collect reliable data on the influx of immigrants to Europe and North America. Herders are primarily nomadic. They were usually forced to move to search for suitable grasslands and water for their animals. The Bantu, who originally lived in West Africa, were forced to migrate as the area was undergoing desertification. The Bantu populated one-third of the continent. Between 500 B.C. and 1500 A.D., they began to move southward. The potato famine, the African drought, and the herders' search for water led to migration that affected many parts of the world.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) These conclusions indicate that people do not control their environment. Due to this lack of control, people were forced to migrate from Ireland and Africa.
(3) These statements would indicate that geography has had a negative, not a positive, impact on people. The potato famine and the drought demonstrated how geography can create economic problems.
(4) None of these statements provide any information about the even distribution of population. These statements show how geography has affected the economic life of nations.

1
8. In the 1990s, the troubled relations between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland and between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims in the Balkans helped illustrate the

1. difficulties of resolving ethnic and religious conflicts 3. conflict created by the collapse of the Warsaw Pact

2. inequalities created by expanding free markets and global trade 4. results of the failure of dictatorial governments

1 In the 1990s, the troubled relations between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland and between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims in the Balkans helped illustrate the difficulties of resolving ethnic and religious conflicts. In Northern Ireland, religious differences between Protestants and Catholics have made it difficult to resolve the conflict for many years. Ireland won its independence from Britain in 1922. Great Britain, however, kept control of six northern counties that were a mostly Protestant population. The Protestants in the North, known as Ulster, feared domination by the Catholic majority in the South. The IRA (Irish Republican Army) and other nationalist groups never accepted the division of Ireland. The goal of the IRA, a Catholic group, was to drive the British from Northern Ireland and unify the country. The Protestants, who formed their own paramilitary groups, opposed these efforts. Rioting and violence between Catholics and Protestants erupted during the late 1960s and has continued for over 25 years. On April 10, 1998, after 19 months of negotiations, the Good Friday Accord was signed. The Accord called for Protestants to share political power with the minority Catholics in Northern Ireland. The Accord also gave the Republic of Ireland, which is predominantly Catholic, a voice in Northern Irish affairs. In June, 1999, the peace process hit an impasse when the IRA refused to disarm prior to the assembly of Northern Ireland's new provincial cabinet. Jerry Adams, the leader of Sinn Fein, the political wing of the IRA, and David Trimble, leader of the Ulster Protestants, have been unable to resolve these differences. Recent violence between Catholic and Protestant schoolchildren has made the peace process even more difficult.

The breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992 sparked ethnic violence. Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence. In Bosnia, fighting erupted among Serbs, Croatians, and Muslims. Serbs, who dominated Yugoslavia, began a policy of ethnic cleansing that was designed to destroy all non-Serbs. Slobodan Milosevic, the Yugoslav president who was Serbian, sent troops to fight ethnic Albanians, who were demanding more self-rule in Kosovo. As the conflict raged, Serbs also mounted a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against Muslim Kosovans. In 1999, when President Milosevic refused a NATO peace plan, NATO forces started a military campaign against Yugoslavia. Milosevic was forced to retreat and give up his efforts to control Kosovo. In November, 1999, Milosevic was ousted from power and Vojslav Kostunica became the leader of Serbia.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) These conflicts developed due to religious and ethnic differences. They are not related to inequalities created by expanding free markets and global trade.
(3) The conflicts in the Balkans were created by the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, not the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact was a mutual defensive alliance formed by Russia and other European nations in 1955. The religious conflict in Northern Ireland has persisted for more than three centuries.
(4) Northern Ireland has a parliamentary form of government and is not a dictatorship. In the Balkans, the Communist dictatorship of Josip Tito held together the different ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia until his death in 1980. These conflicts are due to ethnic and religious differences and are not related to the failure of dictatorial governments.

3
9.
"United States Airlifts Supplies to Berlin"
"U-2 Spy Plane Shot Down Over the Soviet Union"
"Soviet Missiles Placed in Cuba"

These headlines discuss events during

1. Stalin's Reign of Terror 3. the Cold War

2. World War II 4. the post-Cold War era

3 These headlines discuss events that occurred during the Cold War. The Cold War originated immediately after World War II and was a struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1945, Germany had been divided into four zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union stripped its zone, which became known as East Germany, of industrial resources. The United States, England, and France agreed to combine their sectors of Berlin to form what became known as West Berlin. They also planned to form an independent West German state by joining their zones of occupation. While Berlin was located in East Germany, the Soviets controlled only one section, and the Western powers held the rest of the city, called West Berlin. Russia was fearful of a restored Germany and the Soviets reacted by closing all the highways and links to Berlin. The city was blockaded. It could not receive supplies by land. The United States and its allies decided to airlift supplies rather than break the blockade by sending land troops. The Berlin Airlift kept the people from starving by bringing tons of food, clothing, and fuel every day. At the peak of the airlift, 13,000 tons landed on one day. After 321 days, in May, 1949, the Soviets ended the blockade and once again opened the land routes to Berlin.

In 1960, President Dwight Eisenhower of the United States and Premier Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union were scheduled to have a summit conference in Paris. In May, 1960, two weeks before the conference, the Soviets shot down an unarmed American U-2 spy plane deep inside Russian territories. The Soviet Union had knowledge about this secret high-altitude spy flight but had not previously attacked them. In Paris, Khrushchev accused America of aggression and demanded an apology. President Eisenhower denied the charge and refused to apologize. The summit meeting was dead. Frances Gary Powers, the U-2 pilot who was captured, was sentenced to ten years in prison. The Soviets released him after 19 months. The U-2 incident brought mistrust and tensions between the United States and Russia.

In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista and seized power. He denounced the United States as imperialistic, forbade elections, and nationalized American investments without compensation. The United States reacted by breaking off trade. In 1961, Castro proclaimed his intention to transform Cuba into a Communist state and threatened to export communism to other Latin American countries. He wanted closer ties with the Soviet Union. The Cuban Missile Crisis of October, 1962 developed when President John F. Kennedy announced that Castro was allowing the Soviet Union to build nuclear missile bases in his country which was just 90 miles off the coast of Florida. If the plan succeeded, Soviet nuclear missiles would be within easy striking distance of major cities in the United States. President Kennedy blockaded Cuba and threatened to invade if the missiles were not withdrawn. After 13 days of intense negotiations, Premier Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw the missiles in exchange for a pledge by President Kennedy that the United States would not invade Cuba.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) None of these events occurred during the Stalin Reign of Terror, which took place during the 1940s. World War II lasted from 1939 to 1945, the post-Cold War era began after 1990.

4
10. The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the division of Germany into East Germany and West Germany, and the Korean War were immediate reactions to

1. Japanese military aggression in the 1930s 3. ethnic conflict and civil war in Africa in the 1950s

2. the rise of German nationalism after World War I 4. communist expansion after World War II

4 The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the division of Germany into East Germany and West Germany, and the Korean War were immediate reactions to communist expansion after World War II. In 1946, the United States and other western European countries saw communism as an evil force creeping across Europe and threatening countries around the world. The United States, which emerged with Russia as one of the two super powers at the end of the war, adopted a policy of containment. This policy was designed to give economic and military assistance to countries fighting against communism. In February 1948, the Soviets tried to take over all of Berlin by closing all access to the city. The United States, and its allies who controlled West Berlin, began a massive airlift to feed and supply West Berlin. The Soviets ended the blockade in a year. This incident led to the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) when the Allies merged their zones into this new state. The Soviets responded by turning their zone into the communist country of East Germany. Thus, Germany was divided into two states. After the Berlin airlift, the United States, Canada, and western Europe formed NATO in 1949. The main aim of the alliance was protection against Soviet aggression. In 1945, Korea, which had been a colony of Japan since 1910, was divided at the 38th parallel. North Korea was occupied by Soviet troops, South Korea by American troops. When the United States and Russia failed to agree regarding Korean unification and Russia refused to cooperate with UN election procedures, Korea remained divided. In the North, the People's Republic of Korea with its capital at Pyongyang kept close ties with the Soviet Union and China. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, maintained links with the United States. By mid-1949, both Soviet and American troops had withdrawn from Korea. On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces, hoping to unify the country under a communist government, invaded South Korea. The United Nations Security Council, in the absence of the Soviet Union, condemned the invasion and organized an army to oppose it. While 16 countries contributed troops to the UN forces, more than 90 percent of the soldiers came from the United States. Commanded by Douglas MacArthur, the UN forces drove the communist Koreans back to North Korea and within six weeks had conquered most of North Korea. In November 1950, the Chinese communists came to the aid of North Korea and forced the UN army to retreat. By the summer of 1951, the battle lines stabilized near the 38th parallel. On July 27, 1953, the two sides agreed to stop fighting and accepted an armistice line that continues to divide Korea at the 38th parallel. The Korean War, which lasted more than three years, resulted in the death of five million people.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (3) None of the reactions relates to the Japanese aggression of the 1930s, German nationalism after World War I, or ethnic conflict and civil war in Africa in the 1950s. The world community ignored Japanese aggression in Asia, and the rise of German nationalism after World War I led to the formation of the Nazi Party. The United Nations did not become involved in ethnic conflicts in Africa in the 1950s. The UN was involved in ending colonialism.

3
11. Which heading would best complete the partial outline shown?

1. Actions of the United Nations 3. Events of the Cold War

2. Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States 4. Causes of World War II

3 Events of the Cold War is the heading that would best complete the partial outline. The Cold War originated immediately after World War II as a struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. During World War II, Joseph Stalin had pledged to allow free elections in extern Europe. When the war ended, Stalin failed to keep his promise. He wanted to create a buffer zone around his country to protect it from future attacks. Backed by the Red Army, which occupied eastern Europe at the end of the war, local communists destroyed rival political parties in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Bulgaria, and even assassinated democratic leaders. By 1948, these countries were Soviet satellite states that accepted Russian authority and domination. In 1945, Germany had been divided into four zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union. In 1948, the Allies (the United States, Great Britain, and France) merged their zones of occupation into one and formed the independent state of West Germany. Although Berlin, the former capital of Germany, was within the Soviet zone, it had been occupied by all four powers. The Soviets, fearful of a restored Germany, reacted by closing all the highway and railroad links to Berlin. Berlin was blockaded and the city could not be supplied by land. The Western Allies began a massive airlift to feed and supply West Berlin. After 321 days, in May 1949, the Soviets ended their blockade and once again land routes were opened to Berlin. In 1955, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in response to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO was formed in 1949 to protect western Europe from communism. The United States, Canada, and 10 western European countries pledged to support each other if any member nation was ever attacked. The Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union and seven of its satellites in eastern Europe. It was a defensive alliance promising mutual military cooperation. Later events showed that the purpose of the Pact was as much to strengthen the Soviet hold on eastern Europe as it was to defend it. Under this Pact, Soviet troops were used to suppress the 1956 Hungarian revolt and to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista and seized power in Cuba. He denounced the United States as imperialistic, forbade elections, and nationalized American investments without compensation. The United States reacted by breaking off trade. In 1961, Castro proclaimed his intention to transform Cuba into a communist state and threatened to export communism to other Latin American countries. He wanted closer ties with the Soviet Union. The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 developed when President John F. Kennedy announced that Castro was allowing the Soviet Union to build nuclear missile bases in his country, just 90 miles off the coast of Florida. If the plan succeeded, Soviet nuclear missiles would be within easy striking distance of major United States cities. President Kennedy blockaded Cuba and threatened to invade if the missiles were not withdrawn. After 13 days of intense negotiations, Premier Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw the missiles in exchange for a pledge by President Kennedy that the United States would not invade Cuba.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The United Nations did not play an active role in any of these events. It was only during the Cuban Missile Crisis that the U.S. brought the situation before the UN as a way to justify their actions toward Fidel Castro and the Soviet Union.
(2) The formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States took place in 1991 after the demise of the Soviet. Union. These events occurred from 1946 to 1962.
(4) All the events in this outline occurred at the end of World War II.

2
12. After World War II, the United States provided financial aid to West Germany, Turkey, and Greece because these nations were

1. beginning their industrial development 3. newly independent

2. facing possible communist threats 4. major military partners of the United States

2 After World War II, the United States provided financial aid to West Germany, Turkey, and Greece because these nations were facing possible communist threats. The United States and the Soviet Union had cooperated to win World War II. However, mutual distrust and tension led to a Cold War between the two countries. This tension was a result of differences in political and economic thinking between the democratic, capitalistic United States and the communistic Soviet Union. The United States adopted a policy of containment to limit the spread of communism in Europe and later the world. In 1947, when Stalin began to put pressure on Greece and Turkey, the United States took action. In Greece, Stalin supported communist rebels who were fighting to topple a right-wing monarchy supported by England. Stalin was also creating problems for Turkey in the Dardanelles, linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. When Britain informed the United States that it could no longer defend these areas. President Harry Truman proposed a policy that became known as the Truman Doctrine. Truman soon sent military and economic aid and advisers to Greece and Turkey to help them withstand the communist threat. Divided Germany was another focus of the Cold War. The Western Allies (Britain, France, and the U.S.) decided to unite their zones of occupation and encourage Germany to rebuild industries. Russia, under Joseph Stalin, feared the dangers of a restored Germany. Tensions grew between the democratic West Germany and the Soviet-controlled East Germany. In 1947, the United States proposed the Marshall Plan. Under this plan the U.S. would funnel food and economic assistance to help European countries, like West Germany, to rebuild. The United States hoped that economic aid would reduce communist influence and strengthen democratic government. In 1948, when Stalin tried to force the Allies out of Berlin, the capital (which was located in East Germany), the United States provided food and supplies to the city by running an around-the-clock airlift. The success forced the Soviets to end the blockade and led to the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany).

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) These nations were not beginning their industrial development. They needed financial aid to help them rebuild their economies due to the devastation created by World War II.
(3) These nations were not newly independent. Germany, Turkey, and Greece had become independent nations in the 19th century.
(4) Neither West Germany, Turkey, nor Greece was a major military partner of the United States. World War II had severely destroyed the military power of these three countries.

1
13. What was a major reason for Adolf Hitler's rise to power?

1. provisions of the Treaty of Versailles 3. strong German economy

2. Germany's military support of Poland and France 4. refusal by the League of Nations to admit Germany as a member

1 A major reason for Adolf Hitler's rise to power was the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles contained many harsh provisions that caused bitterness among the German people. Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay huge reparations, or large sums of money, for all war damages. The reparations covered not only the destruction caused by the war, but also pensions for millions of Allied soldiers, or their widows and families. The total cost of German reparations was more than $30 billion. The Treaty severely limited the size of the German military forces. The Treaty also returned Alsace-Lorraine to France, removed hundreds of square miles of territory from western and eastern Germany, and stripped Germany of its overseas colonies. Adolf Hitler and the Nazis exploited this bitterness and focused on nationalists who were unable to accept defeat in World War I. Hitler pledged to tear up the Treaty of Versailles and denounce the German war guilt clause. He demanded the return of Germany's colonies and European territories. He defended Germany's right to rearm and claimed that the German armies had been stabbed in the back, mainly by Jews and Communists, and not defeated by the Allies. Hitler also promised to improve the economy and end the runaway inflation caused by the war debts imposed by the Versailles Treaty. Hitler's extreme nationalism won the support of students, veterans, and army officers, as well as middle-class and business leaders.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Hitler never provided military support for Poland and France. His aggressive policy in the Rhineland and in Poland led to World War II.
(3) The German economy was very weak, not strong, after World War I. Germany faced widespread unemployment and inflation that destroyed the life savings of many people.
(4) The League of Nations admitted Germany as a member in 1926.

4
14. In Europe during the 1930s, several national leaders, in order to preserve peace at any cost, agreed to the demands of an aggressor. This policy is referred to as

1. militarism 3. reparation

2. nonalignment 4. appeasement

4 In Europe during the 1930s, several national leaders followed a policy of appeasement. These leaders agreed to the demands of an aggressor to preserve peace at any cost. During the 1930s, Italy and Germany sought to build new empires. In 1935, Italy invaded the African country of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie, appealed to the League of Nations for help. Although the League condemned the attack, its members did nothing. Britain continued to let Italian troops and supplies pass through the British-controlled Suez Canal. Britain and France hoped to keep peace in Europe by giving into Mussolini in Africa. By 1935, Hitler had rebuilt the German army in violation of the Versailles Treaty. In 1936, Hitler marched into the Rhineland. The Versailles Treaty had required Germany to remove troops from this region. The Rhineland was a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine River and formed a buffer zone between Germany and France. It was also an industrial area. The French were unwilling to risk war and the British urged peace. The Western democracies' weak response to Germany's victories encouraged Hitler to become more aggressive. In 1938, Hitler made Austria part of the German Reich. In September 1938, Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland--a region in Czechoslovakia, bordering on Germany and inhabited by about three million German--speaking people-be given to Germany. The Czech government, a democracy under President Edward Benes, refused to yield. They asked for help from France. The Munich Conference, held on September 29, 1938, tried to resolve the problem. Germany, France, Britain, and Italy attended, but the Czechs were not invited. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain believed that he could preserve peace by giving in to Hitler's demands. The Western democracies agreed that Germany would seize control of the Sudetenland, and in exchange, Hitler pledged to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders. Less than six months after the Munich meeting, Hitler's troops took over the rest of Czechoslovakia and Mussolini seized Albania. In August 1939, England and France refused to give in to Hitler's demand that Poland return the former German port of Danzig. But appeasement had convinced Hitler that neither nation would risk war. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France honored their guarantee to Poland and declared war on Germany. World War II had started. Appeasement had failed to keep peace.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Militarism is a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
(2) Nonalignment is a policy that some Third World nations followed during the Cold War, remaining neutral between the United States and the Soviet Union.
(3) Reparation refers to payment for war damages.

4
15. Base your answer on the accompanying chart and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which statement best explains the population trend shown on this graph?

1. Native beliefs included human sacrifice. 3. Native traditions encouraged polygamy.

2. Tribal warfare raged during this time period. 4. Europeans brought diseases to Latin America.

4 The statement that Europeans brought disease to Latin America best explains the population trend on the graph. Before the Spanish, the germs of smallpox, measles, mumps, and influenza were unknown in the Americas. The Native Americans did not have the immunities that the Europeans had developed through long contact with these diseases. Native Americans were exposed to germs carried by European explorers and colonizers. Deadly epidemics swept over the Caribbean Islands. Smallpox wiped out whole villages in a matter of months. Twenty years after Columbus's voyage, the population had fallen from 250,000 to 60,000. By 1562, the Spaniards counted only 500 Native Americans on Hispaniola. In the first century of Spanish rule (1500-1600), the Native American populations in Central and South America sickened and died by the millions. By 1650, the population of Central Mexico had declined by 85 percent.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) and (2) Even though human sacrifice and tribal warfare led to loss of lives, they did not contribute to the enormous decline of the Native American population in Latin America.
(3) The native traditions encouraging polygamy, which allows a man to have more than one wife, might have led to an increase, not a decrease, in the population.

2
16. The main cause of the mass starvation in Ireland during the 19th century was the

1. British blockade of Irish ports 3. war between Protestants and Catholics in northern Ireland

2. failure of the potato crop 4. environmental damage cause by coal mining

2 The main cause of the mass starvation in Ireland during the 19th century was the failure of the potato crop. In the 1840s, Ireland experienced one of the worst famines of modern history. The potato, introduced from the Americas, was the main source of food for most of the Irish. In 1845, a blight, or disease, destroyed the potato crop. Other crops, such as wheat and oats, were not affected. The British, who ruled Ireland, continued to require the Irish to ship these crops outside Ireland, leaving little for the Irish except the blighted potato. The result was the "Great Hunger." Of a population of 8 million, about 1 million people died from starvation and disease over the next few years. Millions more emigrated to the United States and Canada. The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish bitterness toward their British overlords.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The British did not block the Irish ports. During the period of mass starvation, British landowners continued to export all farm products outside of Ireland.
(3) The war between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland did not cause starvation in the 19th century. The conflict in Northern Ireland developed when the British granted independence to the southern counties in 1921, but kept the northern part under their control.
(4) The potato famine was due to a fungus, or blight, and not environmental damage caused by coal mining.

1
17. Base your answer on the accompanying chart and on your knowledge of social studies.
Between 1540 and 1580, what happened to the native population of Central Mexico?

1. It decreased by approximately 6 million people. 3. It increased by approximately 2 million people per year.

2. It increased to a high of 26 million people. 4. It decreased to 8 million people.

1 Between 1540 and 1580, the native population of Central Mexico decreased by approximately 6 million people. In 1519, when Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico, the native population of Central Mexico was 25.3 million and by 1523 it was 16.8 million. It continued to decline to 8 million in 1540 and to a low of 1.5 million by 1605. The invisible warrior that marched alongside the Spaniard was disease. By the time Cortés launched a counterattack against the Aztecs, the population had been reduced greatly by smallpox and measles. European diseases devastated the natives of Central Mexico.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) and (3) Neither of these choices can be supported by the data in the graph. The native population never increased from 1500 to 1600.
(4) The population decreased to 2 million, not 8 million, during this time period.

4
18. Base your answer on the accompanying chart and on your knowledge of social studies.
An analysis of this chart shows that the United Nations

1. expects individual nations to solve their own problems 3. relies on the United States to carry out its peacekeeping missions

2. is very much like the League of Nations and does not have the resources to enforce its decisions 4. faces an increasing financial burden as it deals with a growing number of crises

4 An analysis of this chart shows that the United Nations faces an increasing financial burden as it deals with a growing number of crises. During the Cold War that lasted from 1945 to 1989, the efforts of the UN to act as an effective peacekeeping force were difficult because any action required the unanimous agreement of the five permanent members of the Security Council. Disagreement between the United States and Russia led, in many cases, to a stalemate. The UN did act in Korea, but that was because the Russians initially boycotted the Security Council meeting. In the post-Cold War era, appeals to the United Nations for peacekeeping purposes have increased dramatically. In the 1990s, UN peacekeeping missions went to Africa, Central America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, Bosnia, and Kosovo. In addition, UN troops have supervised elections in Nicaragua and Cambodia and brought supplies to civilians in Somalia. UN troops increased from 9,500 in 1988 to 70,000 in the mid-1990s. Members are supposed to cover the expenses, which have continued to increase. Many nations, including the United States, believe that their share is too large. The United States at one time owed $1.7 billion and demanded that its share be cut from 33 percent to 25 percent before it would pay its dues. Although other nations have refused to pay their debts, the United States was the biggest debtor. The unwillingness of the major powers to share the financial burden, and the increasing dependence on the UN as a peacekeeping force, have strained the resources of this international organization.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The United Nations is an international body whose purpose is to help nations resolve their differences as a collective body, not as individual nations. The function of the United Nations is to help maintain world peace.
(2) The United Nations, unlike the League of Nations, does provide for resources to enforce its decisions. Chapter 7 of the United Nations Charter provides for coercive measures, including economic and military measures, against the aggressor.
(3) The UN does not rely on the United States to carry out its peacekeeping missions. Most of the UN peacekeeping troops, or Blue Helmet, come from smaller countries around the world. Some of these countries include Canada, Italy, France, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The United States contributes some troops, but they are a small percentage of the peacekeeping forces.

2
19. The Green Revolution of the 1960s resulted in

1. the destruction of large industrial enterprises 3. a decrease in world agricultural output

2. an increase of food output in many developing nations 4. improvements in human genetic engineering

2 The Green Revolution of the 1960s resulted in an increase of food output in many developing nations. In the 1960s and the 1970s, governments tried to improve agricultural production on limited parcels of land by applying modern science and technology. In Southeast Asia, scientists working in the Philippines developed a new kind of high-rice seed. With this seed, farmers were able to double the amount of rice they harvested. In Mexico, researchers developed a short-stemmed, disease-resistant wheat that excelled at utilizing fertilizer and water for a high-yield crop. This improved seed boosted Mexican wheat production. In other countries such as India and Indonesia, the Green Revolution doubled food output. In India, the production of rice rose from 350,000 metric tons in the 1960s to 750,000 metric tons in the 1990s.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Green Revolution refers to improved agricultural production and not the destruction of large industrial enterprises.
(3) The Green Revolution led to an increase, not a decrease, in world agricultural output.
(4) The Green Revolution dealt with improvements in agricultural production, not improvements in human genetic engineering.

2
20. Base your answer on the graphic organizer shown and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which title would best fit this graphic organizer?

1. Capitalism in Full Retreat 3. Formation of the Warsaw Pact

2. Collapse of the Soviet Union 4. Buildup of the Cold War

2 The title that would best fit this graphic organizer is Collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union and wanted to end Cold War tensions. He introduced a political policy of glasnost, or openness. This policy ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss openly the problems of the Soviet Union. He also supported a policy of perestroika, which referred to restructuring the Soviet economy. Even before the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Gorbachev's reforms had sparked demands for national independence. In 1980, Polish workers, led by Lech Walesa, organized an independent trade union named Solidarity. With millions of members, Solidarity called for political change. It demanded that all unions be free of communist control. At first, the Soviet Union pressured the Polish government to outlaw Solidarity and arrest Walesa. Military rules were imposed, but international pressure forced Poland to release Walesa and martial law was lifted in 1983. In the late 1980s, Gorbachev abandoned the Brezhnev Doctrine that the Soviets had the right to intervene in any satellite country. Poland held its first free election in 50 years and the Solidarity candidate, Lech Walesa, became president. Between 1989 and 1991, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria held peaceful free elections and the communist governments fell. In Czechoslovakia, a dissident writer and human rights activist, Václav Havel, was elected president. In East Germany, communist leader Erich Honecker refused to accept reforms. By October 1989, huge demonstrations broke out across East Germany and when the police failed to break up the demonstrations, Honecker was forced to resign. On November 9, 1989, the new East German leader allowed people to leave East Germany and thousands of East Germans poured into West Germany. Within days, more than two million East Germans crossed the border. The crowds were so huge that the government bulldozed new openings in the Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall was torn down by joyous Germans. In 1990, free elections led to the fall of the Communist Party and the reunification of East and West Germany. By late 1989, only Romania seemed unmoved by calls for reform. Romania's brutal dictator, Nicolae Ceausescu, refused to step down. In December 1989, Ceausescu ordered his army to fire on demonstrators. They killed scores of people in the city of Timisoara. The massacre in Timisoara ignited a popular uprising and the army joined the people. Shocked by the collapse of his power, Ceausescu and his wife attempted to flee. They were captured, tried, and executed on Christmas Day 1989. Romania held general elections in 1990. In 1989, for the first time since 1945, Eastern European countries were free to settle their own affairs. They requested that Soviet troops withdraw. By then, Soviet power itself was on the verge of crumbling.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The events in the graphic organizer deal with political elections and protests and make no reference to capitalism in retreat.
(3) The formation of the Warsaw Pact was in 1955.
(4) The buildup of the Cold War took place from 1945 to the late 1970s. The events describe the ending of the Cold War.

2
21. Which development led to the shortages of labor in 14th-century Europe and in 16th- and 17th-century North and South America?

1. rise of nation-states 3. fall of Constantinople

2. outbreak of the Black Death and smallpox 4. introduction of new military technologies

2 The outbreak of the Black Death and smallpox led to the shortage of labor in 14th-century Europe and 16th- and 17th-century North and South America. In 1347, the Black Death, or bubonic plague, spread from the Kingdom of Sicily and eventually across Europe. It is estimated that the Black Death killed one-third of the population of Europe, or about 75 million people. As workers and employers died, production declined. Survivors demanded higher wages and landowners and merchants pushed laws to limit wages. Farmlands were abandoned or used to pasture sheep, which required less labor. The resistance to peasant demands for higher wages led to revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium. In North and South America, the European diseases destroyed the population. Native Americans had not developed an immunity to such diseases as measles, mumps, and smallpox. In Mexico, the Aztec population declined from 25.3 million in 1519 to about 1 million in 1605. In 1613, an epidemic of smallpox ravaged the Native American population along the New England coast. Thousands of other Native Americans perished throughout the region. These losses resulted in a severe shortage of labor in the colonies. In order to meet their growing needs, European colonists in South America and North America began to import and enslave large numbers of Africans.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The rise of nation-states led to the development of absolute or strong kings, not the shortage of labor.
(3) The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 ended the Byzantine Empire.
(4) The introduction of new military technologies helped Europeans to extend their control over the Native American populations of North and South America, but did not contribute to the shortage of labor.

3
22. Which title is best for the partial outline shown?

1. Areas in the Hanseatic League 3. Movement of People and Goods

2. Routes of European Crusaders 4. Regions Under Mongol Control

3 The best title for the partial outline is Movement of People and Goods. All these major trade routes enabled people and goods to move across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Sea routes crossing the Indian Ocean sea lanes allowed easy trade between Asia and East Africa. Trading centers developed in eastern Africa. Mogadishu and Great Zimbabwe thrived on trade across the Indian Ocean. A variety of overland trade routes linked Asia with the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe. Trade along the Central Asian Silk Road, which stretched more than 4,000 miles, allowed China to exchange its silk for Middle Eastern and European products. The Trans-Saharan trade route that developed along West African towns helped to create the powerful kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Strong West African rulers gained control of these profitable trade routes. Gold and salt were the important products that were traded. In Mali, Mansa Musa made the city of Timbuktu a center for Muslim learning, and in Songhai the Emperor Sonni Ali made it the largest state in West Africa. In eastern Africa, the kingdom of Axum profited from the strategic locations of its two main cities: the port of Adulis on the Red Sea and the upland capital city of Axum. From about 200 B.C. to 400 A.D. Axumities commanded a triangular trade network linking Africa, India, and the Mediterranean world. African states in both eastern and western parts of the continent played a significant role in global trade. The Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea linked Africa to the Middle East and Europe. In addition, the Indian Ocean linked East Africa to India and other Asian lands. Products from the African interior were transported over land to the coast and then out of Africa.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Hanseatic League was a group of northern German towns in the 1200s that began to cooperate in defending their trading interests. From the 1200s to the 1400s, the League had great economic and political power. The League had complete control over trade of such basic goods as fish, fur, wax, and salt.
(2) The routes of European Crusaders helped to promote trade between the Middle East and Europe. The Crusaders went to the Holy Land, but had little contact with the civilizations of India, Africa, or China.
(4) The Mongol control never extended into Africa. Mongols conquered lands in Asia and Europe and provided stabilization and protection in trading routes along the Silk Road, as well as routes in Southwest Asia and China.

1
23. In almost every society, the problem of scarcity must be dealt with because

1. resources are limited 3. farmers tend to overestimate their crop yields

2. governments tend to overspend on the military 4. goods are distributed evenly

1 In almost every society, the problem of scarcity must be dealt with because resources are limited. Scarcity is a fundamental economic problem because every society has unlimited wants and needs, but a limited amount of resources. In many Third World countries, the limited amount of natural resources makes it difficult for them to industrialize. Until the 1800s, scarcity of resources had little effect on Japan. As a nation of farmers and fishing people, it had enough resources to meet its needs. As Japan industrialized, it needed to import many raw materials. In many Western industrial nations, the need for imported oil has grown in order to meet the demands of these expanding economies. In the United States, which is the major energy-consuming nation in the world, certain sections of the country have experienced rolling blackouts because of the inability to meet the energy needs of the people.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Government overspending on the military can lead to an unbalanced budget, but that does not lead to scarcity. The problem of scarcity is not due to a lack of money. Scarcity is a lack of resources needed to make all the things that people want.
(3) Farmers overestimating needed crop yields would lead to a surplus of certain goods, rather than a scarcity of goods.
(4) The problem of scarcity does not deal with whether goods are distributed evenly. Scarcity is an economic problem forcing every society to use its resources wisely. How goods are distributed depends on whether that society follows a traditional, command, or market economy.

4
24. One reason the Fascist governments of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to power in Italy and Germany was that these nations

1. were threatened by the United States 3. failed to join the League of Nations

2. supported civil liberties for all 4. faced economic and political difficulties

4 The Fascist governments of Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany came to power because these nations faced economic and political difficulties. After World War I, Italy and Germany faced widespread unemployment and inflation that created severe economic unrest. Mussolini and Hitler, the leaders of the Fascists, gained support among the middle class and business leaders by promising to improve the economy. In Germany, the government's policy of simply printing money led to runaway inflation and destroyed the life savings of many people. The inability of the Italian government and the Weimar Republic in Germany to command a majority in Parliament made it difficult to solve each nation's economic problems and maintain law and order.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The United States followed a policy of isolationism and noninvolvement in European affairs during the 1920s and early 1930s.
(2) Fascism is a totalitarian form of government that supports violence to achieve its goal. This type of government has little regard for civil liberties.
(3) Both Italy and Germany joined the League of Nations.

1
25. Since the end of World War II, the nations of Western Europe have improved their economic position by

1. increasing communication and cooperation in the region 3. isolating themselves from the rest of the world

2. colonizing African and Asian nations 4. rejecting membership in the United Nations

1 Since the end of World War II, Western European nations have improved their economic positions by increasing communication and cooperation in the region. In 1952 six Western European nations formed the European Coal and Steel Community to regulate these industries and spur economic growth. In 1957 the European Common Market was formed to expand free trade by ending tariffs and allowing labor and capital to move freely across the borders of these European nations. In February 1992 these European nations signed the Treaty of Maastricht, which set up the European Union. This Union, which is composed of 15 members, has created a single currency (called the Euro) and a common banking system, and has allowed members to use a single passport in traveling from one country to another.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(2) Since World War II, European nations have ended colonialism in Asia and Africa.
(3) Western Europe has taken an active role in world affairs. These countries are part of NATO and recently have taken a prominent role in supporting economic assistance to the former Communist nations of Eastern Europe.
(4) Western European countries have been members of the United Nations since its formation in 1945.

2
26. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin governed by means of secret police, censorship, and purges. This type of government is called

1. democracy 3. limited monarchy

2. totalitarian 4. theocracy

2 Joseph Stalin led a totalitarian form of government in the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953. A totalitarian form of government is a one-party dictatorship that regulates all aspects of the lives of citizens. Stalin demanded obedience from everyone and achieved it through the effective use of terror. The secret police arrested and executed millions of suspected traitors. During the 1930s, Stalin launched the Great Purge. Its purpose was to expel his rivals from the government. During "show trials," Communist leaders confessed to crimes against the government. Police files have estimated that at least four million people were purged and almost one million were executed. Stalin also controlled all artistic and cultural activities through the Communist Party. All art had to praise communism.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) A democracy is a form of government in which supreme power is vested in the people and there is freedom of choice and expression.
(3) A limited monarchy is a government in which the king's power is controlled by a constitution.
(4) A theocracy is a government run by religious leaders.

3
27. Base your answer to the following question on the map and on your knowledge of social studies.
The organizations represented on the map were formed as a direct result of

1. a need to improve the economy of Europe by limiting trade restrictions 3. conflicts caused by the Cold War

2. environmental concerns that resulted from rapid industrialization 4. the collapse of the Soviet Union

3 NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed as a direct result of conflicts caused by the Cold War. The Cold War, which began around 1947, was an ideological struggle between the Western democracies and the Soviet Union. At the end of World War II, Berlin in East Germany was divided into Soviet East Berlin and West Berlin, controlled by the United States, Britain, and France. In February 1948 the Soviets tried to take over all of Berlin by closing the highways and railroads that brought supplies to the western section. The Berlin Airlift, which lasted 11 months, was successful in getting the Soviets to reopen the routes to the city. In 1949 12 Western nations formed NATO-the North Atlantic Treaty Organization-to protect against Soviet aggression. In 1955 the Soviet Union organized the Warsaw Pact with its satellite countries against NATO aggression. The Warsaw Pact ended in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. NATO still exists.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) and (2) These pacts are military alliances and were not formed to deal with economic or environmental issues.
(4) The collapse of the Soviet Union has ended the Warsaw Pact and forced Western Europe to reevaluate the purpose of NATO.

4
28. Base your answer to the following question on the illustration and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which explanation for the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire is best supported by this illustration?

1. The Aztec religion encouraged nonviolence. 3. The conquistadors were defending their homeland.

2. The nations of Europe allied with the Spanish against the Aztec rulers. 4. Spanish technology was a major factor in the defeat of the Aztecs.

4 This illustration supports the idea that Spanish technology was a major factor in the defeat of the Aztec Indians. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) in 1521 with about 600 men, 16 horses, and a few cannons. The Spanish musket and cannon weapons terrorized the Indians. The soldiers' helmets protected them from the Indians' spears and arrows. The Aztecs were also frightened by the Spanish horses since they had never seen this type of animal.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The Aztec religion did not support nonviolence. The Aztecs believed in human sacrifice. They were oppressive rulers and many Indians supported the Spanish because of their resentment toward the Aztecs.
(2) The European nations of England, France, and Portugal were rivals and not allies of the Spanish in the conquest for empires.
(3) The conquistadors were Spanish explorers who sought gold and glory.

2
29. The main goal of the Green Revolution was to

1. prevent further destruction of the world's rain forests 3. expand the economies of developing nations with foreign investment

2. solve chronic food shortages through the use of technology 4. insure that foreign aid was received by people with the greatest need

2 The goal of the Green Revolution was to solve chronic food shortages through the use of technology. During the 1960s, scientists used genetically improved seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides to develop new kinds of rice and other grains that yield more food per acre than older strains. The Green Revolution doubled the food supply in India and Indonesia, thus helping these countries avoid famines.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The Green Revolution was designed to improve food production not prevent destruction of the world's rain forests.
(3) The Green Revolution improved food production. It did not provide for an expansion of the economy with foreign investments. Irrigation systems, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides cost money that many small farmers could not afford and they were eventually forced off the land.
(4) The Green Revolution focused on agricultural production and was not concerned with the equitable distribution of foreign aid.

3
30. Which statement about the problems of Indian independence is a fact rather than an opinion?

1. Stronger government leadership would have prevented bloodshed. 3. Muslim leaders wanted their own separate Muslim state.

2. Control of India by Great Britain brought more benefits than difficulties. 4. India would have been more prosperous if it had remained a colony.

3 That Muslim leaders wanted their own separate Muslim state is a historical fact. Initially, the Muslims and Hindus worked cooperatively in the Indian National Congress in the campaign for independence. The Muslims grew fearful of the increasing strength of Hindu influence in the National Congress Party. In 1906 Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah formed the Muslim League to promote a separate Muslim state. The Muslims feared that their rights would not be respected by the Hindu majority. In 1946 widespread rioting broke out between Muslims and Hindus. In 1947 the British passed the Indian Independence Act, dividing the Indian subcontinent into two separate and independent nations. One was the Hindu-dominated India; the other was Pakistan, led by a Muslim majority. Ali Jinnah became the governor-general.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) It is believed that strong government leadership would have prevented bloodshed. Gandhi had hoped that Hindus and Muslims would work together; however, it was hard to overcome the distrust between the two religious groups.
(2) Independence leaders would disagree that British control brought more benefits than difficulties. Gandhi claimed that people would be happier under their own bad government than under a good government of a foreign power.
(4) It is hard to determine if India would have been better off if it had remained a colony. It is difficult to put a price on freedom. Recent statistics indicate that India is experiencing economic growth of 6 to 7 percent per year.

2
31. Base your answer to the following question on the chart and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which conclusion about Internet usage can be drawn from this chart?

1. Developing nations have easier access to the Internet than developed nations do. 3. Internet usage limits international cooperation.

2. A high standard of living in a nation is linked to high Internet usage. 4. Eastern Hemisphere nations use Internet connections more than Western Hemisphere nations do.

2 The data in the chart support the fact that high Internet usage is linked to a high standard of living. The nations that are heavy users of the Internet have a high Gross National Product (GNP measures the amount of goods and services produced in a year). The United States, Canada, and Norway have the best per capita domestic products in the world. Sweden, Iceland, and Finland are in the top 25.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The chart would indicate that developing nations use the Internet less frequently and do not have easier access to the Internet.
(3) Information in the chart could not be used to refute or support the conclusion that Internet usage limits international cooperation.
(4) The chart indicates that nations in the Western Hemisphere, such as Canada, the United States, and Argentina, use the Internet more frequently than nations in the Eastern Hemisphere.

4
32. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which conclusion can be drawn about global economics in the 1990's?

1. Countries became more economically isolated. 3. France dominated the world automobile industry.

2. Higher tariffs reduced trade between nations. 4. Economies of the world were increasingly interdependent.

4 The diagram supports the conclusion that the economies of the world were increasingly interdependent. The volume of world trade now exceeds $8 trillion per year. In the automobile industry the merger between Germany's Daimler-Benz and America's Chrysler represents a world economy in which traditional boundaries are becoming irrelevant. An event in one region, such as the rise in oil prices by OPEC or the decline of the Asian stock market, affects all other areas of the world.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) This diagram indicates that countries are becoming more interdependent and not economically isolated.
(2) There is no information in this diagram about higher tariffs.
(3) France does not dominate the world's automobile industry. Japan and the United States are also important leaders in the industry.

1
33. Which revolution inspired Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to express their ideas in The Communist Manifesto?

1. Industrial 3. Glorious

2. Scientific 4. Neolithic

1 The Industrial Revolution inspired Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to write the Communist Manifesto. The Industrial Revolution, which began in England and spread to other countries, brought about many economic changes. The workers in the mid-19th-century capitalist societies worked 12 to 16 hours a day for low wages and in unsanitary conditions. The Manifesto, written in 1848, outlined the abuses of capitalism and predicted the inevitability of communism because of the laws of history. Marx claimed that workers of the world would unite and overthrow the capitalistic system. The Communist Manifesto inspired revolutionaries in capitalist societies.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(2) The Scientific Revolution occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries and promoted the use of reason to understand society.
(3) The Glorious Revolution of 1689 in England dealt with the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
(4) The Neolithic Revolution, which took place 10,000 years ago, is the period of history when society settled in one area and learned to domesticate plants and animals.

3
34. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies.
What is the main idea of this cartoon?

1. The lack of national unity has caused problems for Iraq. 3. The Iraqi Government has avoided cooperating with the United Nations.

2. The United Nations has gained easy access to Iraq's capital. 4. Iraq is the center of the Islamic world.

3 The main idea of the cartoon is that the Iraqi government has avoided cooperation with the United Nations. After the Persian Gulf War, the U.N. required that Iraq destroy its nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons as well as its missiles. In the late 1990s, Saddam Hussein, the dictator of Iraq, expelled U.N. inspectors when they claimed he was building nuclear weapons. In 1998, after repeated refusals to allow U.N. monitoring, the United States staged air strikes against Iraqi military targets. Iraq still continues to defy U.N. inspections.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The cartoon does not deal with the lack of national unity.
(2) The cartoon shows that the United Nations has had difficulty in gaining access to Iraq's capital.
(4) There is no information to support this statement. Some Muslims claim that Iran is the revolutionary leader of the Islamic movement.

4
35. Base your answers to the following question on the charts and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which conclusion about world population in the next 25 years is supported by the information in these charts?

1. Technological improvements will cause a population decline throughout Asia. 3. Efforts to curb population growth in developing nations will be successful.

2. Developed nations will be home to a majority of the world's population. 4. Africa may experience problems with over-population.

4 According to the chart, Africa may experience a problem with overpopulation by 2025. The chart projects that Africa will increase its population from 12 to 18 percent of the world total. The birth rate in Africa remains high because people in rural areas have little access to education and health services. Improved health services would decrease the pregnancy rate. Also, children in rural areas assist in farming and provide care for their elders.
Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) Asia's overall population will increase rather than decline.
(2) and (3) The chart does not provide enough data to determine what countries can be classified as developing nations.

Practice Gh4 Oct 9 09
Mr Eisenberg TEACHER ANSWER KEY
October 09, 2009

4
1. Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . . Above all, we want equal political rights, because without them our disabilities will be permanent. I know this sounds revolutionary to the Whites in this country, because the majority of voters will be Africans. This makes the White man fear democracy.
But this fear cannot be allowed to stand in the way of the only solution which will guarantee racial harmony and freedom for all. It is not true that the enfranchisement [right to vote] of all will result in racial domination. Political division, based on colour, is entirely artificial and, when it disappears, so will the domination of one colour group by another. The ANC [African National Congress] has spent half a century fighting against racialism. When it triumphs it will not change that policy . . . .
— Nelson Mandela, Speech at Rivonia Trial, 1964

Which generalization can be supported by this passage?

1. Racism has disappeared in South Africa. 3. Giving the vote to black Africans will result in racial domination.

2. The African National Congress has changed its social goals. 4. Nelson Mandela opposed political division based on color.

4 The generalization that can be supported by this passage is that Nelson Mandela opposed political division based on color. In 1990, Mandela, the imprisoned leader of the African National Congress, was released from prison. The end of apartheid in 1991 was the first step towards the creation of a new constitution that would grant political equality for all. In 1994, multicultural elections were held and the people chose Nelson Mandela as the first black South African president. As president, Mandela welcomed longtime foes into the government. Mandela's slogan was "Let us build together." He invited into the government Afrikaners who had once tyrannized the black majority. He advocated and wanted members of his party to accept a multiparty system. Even in Mandela's South Africa, the minority whites own three-fourths of the land, black unemployment is high, and the crime rate makes many cities unsafe. But South Africa's first black president did bring about a peaceful transition to democratic rule without violence and chaos.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The passage does not indicate that racism has disappeared in South Africa. Mandela claims that South Africa must continue to struggle for equality.
(2) According to Mandela, the social goals of the African National Congress will not change its policy even when it triumphs.
(3) Mandela denies that giving the vote to black Africans will result in racial domination. He believes that equal political rights would guarantee freedom.

1
2. "Bombardment, barrage, curtain-fire, mines, gas, tanks, machine-guns, hand-grenades — words, words, but they hold the horror of the world."
— Erich Maria Remarque,
All Quiet on the Western Front

This quotation best describes the effects of the

1. technological developments used during World War I 3. tension between the superpowers during the Cold War

2. formation of alliances in World War II 4. protests against reforms during the Indian independence movement

1 This quotation best describes the effects of the technological developments used during World War I. The quotation from this book describes the grueling effect of modern technology on soldiers in World War I. World War I, which lasted from 1914 to 1918, is considered to be the first truly technological war. The technology developed during World War I resulted in vastly increased military casualties. The automatic machine gun, the tank, the submarine, poison gas, and the airplane increased the number of deaths. The mounted machine gun made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of dismounted soldiers. In one five-month battle, more than one million soldiers were killed. By 1918, there were artillery pieces able to shell Paris from 70 miles away. More than 8.5 million people died in the war, and more than 17 million were wounded.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2), (3), and (4) None of these choices is described in this quotation. The formation of alliances, the tension between the superpowers during the Cold War, and protests against reforms during the Indian independence movement are all events that took place after the end of World War I.

3
3. Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . . Above all, we want equal political rights, because without them our disabilities will be permanent. I know this sounds revolutionary to the Whites in this country, because the majority of voters will be Africans. This makes the White man fear democracy.
But this fear cannot be allowed to stand in the way of the only solution which will guarantee racial harmony and freedom for all. It is not true that the enfranchisement [right to vote] of all will result in racial domination. Political division, based on colour, is entirely artificial and, when it disappears, so will the domination of one colour group by another. The ANC [African National Congress] has spent half a century fighting against racialism. When it triumphs it will not change that policy . . . .
— Nelson Mandela, Speech at Rivonia Trial, 1964

This passage describes the opposition of the African National Congress to the

1. revival of colonialism 3. practice of apartheid

2. rivalries between tribes 4. introduction of a coalition government

3 This passage describes the opposition of the African National Congress to the practice of apartheid. Apartheid, an African word for "apartness," was an official policy of strict racial segregation that was practiced in South Africa. In 1948, the Nationalist Party came to power in South Africa. This party promoted Afrikaner or Boer South African nationalism. Their policy of apartheid banned social contacts between whites and blacks. It established segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods. Black Africans resisted the control imposed by the white minority. The African National Congress (ANC), formed in 1912 to fight for blacks' rights, organized strikes to protest these racial policies. In 1964, Nelson Mandela, the leader of the ANC, was imprisoned for 27 years for his opposition to apartheid. In 1991, the policy of apartheid was repealed.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) None of these choices are supported by this passage. Mandela does not describe his opposition to the revival of colonialism, rivalries between tribes, or the introduction of a coalition government.

1
4. One way in which wars, religious conflict, and natural disasters are similar is that these situations may result in

1. the mass migration of people 3. an increase in life expectancy

2. economic stability 4. global warming

1 One way in which wars, religious conflicts, and natural disasters are similar is that these situations may result in the mass migration of people. In 1830, Polish nationalists fled for western Europe and the United States after the Russian army crushed their revolt. Several thousand Germans moved to cities in the United States after the failed German revolts of 1848. In the 1840s, the Irish potato famine led to the migration of millions to the United States and other parts of the world. In the 19th century, Russian Jews left eastern Europe to escape pogroms, and Italian farmers, suffering from poor economic conditions, migrated to other countries. Throughout history, religious conflicts have led to migration. In the 17th and 18th centuries, groups fled from Europe to America to escape persecution because of their religious beliefs as either Protestants or Catholics. In the 20th century, the establishment of India as an independent nation caused mass migration. During the summer of 1947, 10 million people were on the move in India. Muslims moved from the Hindu areas of India to the newly-independent Muslim state of Pakistan. Hindus in the area of Pakistan moved to Hindu-dominated states of India. In the process, over a million people were killed. Natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and droughts in Asia, Africa, and the Americas have also contributed to migration. Drought conditions throughout many parts of Africa have forced the migration of many Africans to different parts of the world. The 2004 tsunami in the Pacific and Indian Oceans also forced many people to migrate. It has been estimated that worldwide over 32.9 million people have been driven from their homes by war, persecution, and poverty, with 9.9 million officially listed as refugees by the United Nations.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) These situations have caused economic instability. The loss of millions of people due to these situations leads to a nation's loss of its educated elite and contributes to social problems as family life is undermined.
(3) These situations would lead to a decrease, not an increase, in life expectancy.
(4) These situations do not lead to global warming. Global warming is thought to be caused by changes in industrial production and the way we use our resources.

2
5. The governments of Augusto Pinochet, Saddam Hussein, and Slobodan Milosevic are examples of

1. absolute monarchies 3. democratic republics

2. oppressive regimes 4. Islamic theocracies

2 The governments of Augusto Pinochet, Saddam Hussein, and Slobodan Milosevic are examples of oppressive regimes. Augusto Pinochet was dictator and president of Chile from 1973 to 1990. In 1973, at the request of the legislative and judicial branches of government, Pinochet participated in a coup d'etat that deposed Marxist President Salvador Allende and established a military government. Arguing that Chile was under siege by communists, Pinochet implemented a series of security operations in which approximately 3,000 suspected terrorists or known dissidents were killed and about 30,000 were imprisoned and tortured. Pinochet remained in power until 1990 when he was defeated in a plebiscite that rejected the continuation of his rule. At the time of his death in 2006, around 300 criminal charges in Chile were still pending against Pinochet for alleged human rights abuses during his rule.
Saddam Hussein joined the Ba'ath socialist party in 1957. In 1958, Hussein had to go into Egyptian exile after taking part in a failed revolt against the premier of the Iraqi republic. Hussein returned in 1963 and took full power in 1971. He surrounded himself with family members, crushed all opposition, and became a dictator. In 1990, a human rights report stated that people were arrested for disloyalty and for spilling coffee on a newspaper photo of Hussein. Hussein also murdered family members who opposed his government. In 1988 and 1991, the government crushed Kurdish rebellions and forced more than a million Kurds and Iraqis to flee to other countries. Hussein remained the dictator of Iraq until his overthrow by United States and coalition forces in 2003. He was executed in 2006 after being found guilty of war crimes at his trial.
The breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992 sparked ethnic violence in Bosnia among Serbs, Croatians, and Muslims. Slobodan Milosevic, the Serbian Yugoslav president, began a policy of ethnic cleansing to destroy all non-Serbs. The Serbs already dominated most of Yugoslavia. Milosevic forcibly removed other ethnic groups from areas that Serbs controlled. Hundreds of thousands of Bosnians became refugees, living on food sent by the United Nations and charities. Many others were brutalized or killed. Milosevic also waged a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against Muslim Kosovars. In November 1999, NATO forces started a military campaign against Yugoslavia. Milosevic was forced to retreat and was ousted from power. In 2002 the International Court at the Hague tried Milosevic for crimes against humanity. He was the first head of state to face an international war-crimes court. He died of a heart attack in March 2006. His death precluded a verdict in his four-year trial, dashing any hopes that he would be held accountable for the deaths of more than 200,000 people.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Absolute monarchies were governments where kings had supreme powers and control over the lives of the people in their country. In Europe, the Age of Absolutism reached its height during the 17th century.
(3) Democratic republics are systems of government in which the people rule through elected representatives.
(4) Islamic theocracies are systems of government ruled by religious leaders who believe that the government should be guided by the principles and values in the Koran.

2
6. Base your answer on the accompanying time line and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which nations have been most directly involved in the events illustrated in this time line?

1. Mongolia and China 3. Burma and Thailand

2. India and Pakistan 4. Cambodia and Laos

2 India and Pakistan are the nations that have been most directly involved in the events illustrated in this time line. Since the partition of 1947, India, which is predominantly Hindu, and Pakistan, which is mostly Muslim, have been at odds over Kashmir, located on India's northwest frontier. In 1947, Kashmir's Hindu prince signed it over to India. However, its majority Muslim population wanted to be part of Pakistan. Although most of the people are Muslim, two-thirds of the territory is governed by India. In 1948, the UN Security Council called for a vote of the people of Kashmir to choose which country they wanted to join. A vote was never taken. In Indian regions, Muslim guerrillas fought against Indian rule. Fighting between India and Pakistan ended with UN intervention. Since 1949, the cease-fire has been monitored by UN Military Observer Groups in India and Pakistan. In 1965, a second war over Kashmir began when Pakistan claimed that India was trying to manipulate elections in Kashmir and suppress the Muslim population. On July 2, 1972, India and Pakistan signed the Silma Accord, under which both countries agreed to respect the cease-fire line and to resolve differences over Kashmir by peaceful negotiations. The Silma Accord left the settlement of the Kashmir question to be resolved at an unspecified future date.
Rivalries between India and Pakistan also led to the creation of Bangladesh in 1971. West Pakistan and East Pakistan were separated by more than 1,000 miles of Indian territory. From culture to ethnic background, the two regions were different; only the Islamic religion united them. East Pakistan, or the Bengalis, had a larger population than the West, but its government was dominated by the Punjabis in the West. Rebellion broke out in April 1971. In December 1971, the Indian army lent its support to East Pakistan. When Pakistan tried to crush the rebels, a new nation, Bangladesh, was formed from East Pakistan. Millions of Bengalis also fled to India to escape the attempt by Pakistan to destroy them. India's support enabled the Bengalis to establish an independent nation.
Although many Muslims fled to Pakistan in 1947, about 100 million still live in India. In 1992, Hindu fundamentalists called for the destruction of a Muslim mosque in Ayodhya. This conflict touched off rioting and the mosque was destroyed. Recently, the report of Indian archaeologists that they found evidence of a Hindu temple under the ruins of a 16th-century mosque added to the tension between Hindus and minority Muslims.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (3), and (4) None of these nations were directly involved in the events illustrated in this time line.

4
7. "Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia" (1935)
"Germany Takes the Rhineland Back" (1936)
"Germany and Russia Divide Poland" (1939)

These headlines might be used to illustrate the weakness of the

1. United Nations 3. Warsaw Pact

2. Congress of Vienna 4. League of Nations

4 These headlines might be used to illustrate the weakness of the League of Nations. In the 1930s, Germany and Italy sought to build new empires. The League of Nations was weak. Western countries were recovering from the Great Depression and did not want war. In 1935, Italy invaded the African country of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie, appealed to the League of Nations for help. Although the League condemned the attack, its members did nothing. Britain continued to let Italian troops and supplies pass through the British-controlled Suez Canal. Britain and France hoped to keep peace in Europe by giving in to Mussolini in Africa. In 1936, Hitler marched into the Rhineland, a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine River that formed a buffer zone between Germany and France. The Versailles Treaty had required Germany to remove troops from this industrialized region. The French were unwilling to risk war and the British urged peace. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France, without the backing of the League of Nations, honored their guarantee to Poland and declared war on Germany. As part of their Non-Aggression Pact of August 1939, Germany and Russia had agreed not to fight each other. In return for Russia's support, Germany allowed Russia to annex the eastern half of Poland, while Germany seized the western half. The weakness of the League of Nations led to the destruction of Poland and failed to prevent World War II.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The United Nations was formed in 1945 to replace the League of Nations.
(2) The Congress of Vienna was a series of meetings from 1814 to 1815. European leaders sought to establish a lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon.
(3) The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven of its eastern European satellite countries.

1
8. The term appeasement is best defined as

1. an attempt to avoid conflict by meeting the demands of an aggressor 3. a declaration of war between two or more nations

2. a period of peace and prosperity, resulting in cultural achievement 4. an agreement removing economic barriers between nations

1 The term appeasement is best defined as an attempt to avoid conflict by meeting the demands of an aggressor. In Europe during the 1930s, several national leaders followed a policy of appeasement. These leaders agreed to the demands of an aggressor to preserve peace at any cost. During the 1930s, Italy and Germany sought to build new empires. In 1935, Italy invaded the African country of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie, appealed to the League of Nations for help. Although the League condemned the attack, its members did nothing. Britain continued to let Italian troops and supplies pass through the British-controlled Suez Canal. Britain and France hoped to keep peace in Europe by giving in to Mussolini in Africa. By 1935, Hitler had rebuilt the German army in violation of the 1919 Versailles Treaty. In 1936, Hitler marched into the Rhineland, a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine River that formed a buffer zone between Germany and France. The Versailles Treaty had required Germany to remove troops from this region. It was also an industrial area. The French were unwilling to risk war and the British urged peace. The Western democracies' weak response to Germany's initial victories encouraged Hitler to become more aggressive. In 1938, Hitler made Austria part of the German Reich. In September 1938, Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland—region in Czechoslovakia bordering Germany and inhabited by about three million German-speaking people—be returned to Germany. The Czech government, a democracy under President Edward Benes, refused to yield. They asked for help from France. The Munich Conference, held on September 29, 1938, tried to resolve the problem. Germany, France, Britain, and Italy attended, but the Czechs were not invited. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain believed that he would preserve peace by giving in to Hitler's demands. The Western democracies agreed that Germany would have control of the Sudetenland; in exchange, Hitler pledged to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders. Less than six months after the Munich meeting, Hitler's troops took over the rest of Czechoslovakia and Mussolini seized Albania. In August 1939, England and France refused to give in to Hitler's demands that Poland return the former German port of Danzig; but appeasement had convinced Hitler that neither nation would risk war. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France honored their guarantee to Poland and declared war on Germany. World War II had started. Appeasement had failed to keep peace.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) The term Golden Age defines a period of peace and prosperity, resulting in cultural achievement.
(3) A declaration of war between two or more nations is known as international conflict.
(4) A trade agreement is a term used to describe an agreement removing economic barriers among nations.

1
9. Which statement about both the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy is accurate?

1. Economic conditions led to political change. 3. Goals were achieved by peaceful means.

2. Industrialization hindered national development. 4. Communist ideals fueled both movements.

1 A statement about both the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy that is accurate is that economic conditions led to political change. World War I created conditions in Russia that helped trigger the Bolshevik Revolution. In 1914, Russia was one of the World War I Allied powers that fought against Germany. However, Russia was not ready to fight a war. Russian soldiers lacked adequate supplies and weapons. Food was scarce and the transportation system broke down so often that needed supplies never made it to the front. By 1915, soldiers had little ammunition, rifles, or medical care. In March 1917, workers led food riots all across Russia. In St. Petersburg, when soldiers refused to fire upon the striking workers, Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, was forced to give up his throne and the leaders of the Duma, the Russian Parliament, set up a republic. This provisional government, headed by Prince Luvov, set up a western-style democratic government that guaranteed civil rights and freed political prisoners. The decision to continue the war and the continued inability to provide food resulted in the loss of support among the people. The Bolsheviks, a revolutionary group led by Vladmir Lenin, promised "peace for the soldiers, land for the peasants, and bread for the workers." Lenin, who had been in exile when the March Revolution broke out, was infiltrated into the country by the Germans, who used him to undermine support of the provisional government. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks seized control of the government. The Bolsheviks, who now changed their name to "Communists," made Russia the first communist nation in Europe.
The fascist governments of Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany came to power because these nations faced severe economic difficulties. After World War I, Italy and Germany faced widespread unemployment and inflation, leading to severe economic unrest. In the 1920s, it was reported in Germany that one loaf of bread cost 200 billion marks; four trillion marks were the equivalent of one U.S. dollar. Mussolini and Hitler gained support among the middle class and business leaders by promising to improve the economy. In Germany, the government's policy of simply printing money led to runaway inflation and destroyed the value of the life savings of many people. The inability of the Italian government and the Weimar Republic in Germany to command a majority in parliament made it difficult to solve each nation's economic problems. People in Russia, Italy, and Germany turned to these movements to solve their economic crises.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Industrialization did not hinder the national development leading to the rise of the Bolsheviks and fascists. The Bolsheviks in Russia and the fascists in Germany and Italy gained support by promoting industrial development through government intervention and control.
(3) Neither the Bolsheviks nor the fascists gained control by peaceful means. The Bolsheviks gained control by violently overthrowing the Russian government in November 1917. The fascists in Germany and Italy achieved their goals by gaining political power and then suppressing all opposition.
(4) Lenin was a Bolshevik who promoted communism in Russia. Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy promised to fight communism by their efforts to seize factories and redistribute land under the control of their respective governments.

3
10. Which statement would Social Darwinists most likely support?

1. Universal suffrage is a basic human right. 3. Stronger groups have the right to rule and control weaker groups.

2. Political equality strengthens the effectiveness of government. 4. Public education should be guaranteed to all members of a society.

3 Social Darwinists would most likely support the statement that stronger groups have the right to rule and control weaker groups. Social Darwinism is the application to human societies of Charles Darwin's ideas about the evolution and survival of the fittest. Those who were the most fit for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others. Some Social Darwinists expanded these ideas into racist thinking. They claimed that certain groups of people were fitter, brighter, stronger, and more advanced than others. They claimed that these superior races were intended by nature to dominate lesser people. Many Europeans used such arguments to justify the spread of imperialism in Africa and Asia during the late 19th century.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) None of these statements would be supported by Social Darwinists. Social Darwinists did not believe in universal suffrage, political equality, or public education. Social Darwinists argued that natural selection was the basis for the right to suffrage, equality, and education. Those people who gained any rights were the fittest and enjoyed the benefits of their success. The poor or those deprived of any rights remained in this position because they were unfit.

1
11. Which individual is associated with the phrase blood and iron as related to the unification of Germany?

1. Otto von Bismarck 3. Kaiser Wilhelm II

2. Giuseppe Garibaldi 4. Count Camillo di Cavour

1 Otto von Bismarck is associated with the phrase blood and iron relating to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck was appointed Chancellor of Prussia in 1867. Over the next decade, Bismarck was a strong, practical leader who guided German unification. Bismarck believed that the only way to unify Germany was through "blood and iron." He had no faith in representative government and thought that the only way to unite the German states was through war. In seven years, Bismarck led Prussia into three wars. Each of these wars increased Prussia's presence and moved the German states closer to unity. In the Danish War (1864), Prussia, allied with Austria, seized territory from Denmark. In the Austro-Prussian War (1866), Prussia turned against Austria and defeated it within seven weeks; Bismarck annexed the North German states into Prussia. In the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Bismarck used nationalism to rally the people against Napoleon III of France and easily defeated France. During this war, the southern German states were united with Prussia. In 1871, Germany became one nation.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian national leader who conquered the Two Sicilies in 1860, helping to unite Italy.
(3) Kaiser Wilhelm I was proclaimed the first Emperor of the German Empire in 1871 by prime minister Otto von Bismarck.
(4) Count Camillo di Cavour was the Prime Minister of Piedmont Sardinia. With the help of the French, he promoted the unification of Italy in 1860.

1
12.

Pope Leo authorizes the sale of indulgences, 1515
Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses, 1517
These events are most closely associated with the

1. Protestant Reformation 3. Age of Reason

2. Crusades 4. Puritan Revolution

1 These events are most closely associated with the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation refers to the period beginning in 1517 when many Europeans broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. In 1515, Pope Leo X authorized the sale of indulgences to help offset the cost of rebuilding the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. Pope Leo X authorized Johann Tetzel, a Dominican monk, to preach and sell indulgences. Indulgences were certificates issued by the Church that reduced or even canceled punishment for a person's sins. People purchased indulgences and believed that this would ensure their admission to heaven. Martin Luther, a German monk, condemned the sale of indulgences and was critical of people who get wealthy from the money collected in Germany. On October 31, 1517, he posted his 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg, a university town. In these statements, he challenged the sale of indulgences and other papal practices. Luther's attack struck a chord throughout Germany. His actions led to the Protestant Reformation, whose supporters broke away from the Catholic Church. Martin Luther's demands for reform, which included a denial of papal authority and the belief that the Bible was the only guide for salvation, led to the establishment of many different Protestant churches throughout Europe. Powerful northern European and northern German rulers welcomed the revolt against Rome as a way of getting valuable Church property. Thus, many northern German rulers protected Luther from attack and punishment. The Protestant Reformation led to a series of religious wars in the 1520s between Catholics and Lutherans, ended by the Peace of Augsburg. This agreement, signed in 1555, allowed the rulers of a country to decide the religion of its people. Thus most of northern Europe and northern Germany became Protestant, and southern Europe remained mostly Catholic. The Protestant Reformation ended the religious unity of Europe, which had existed for almost a thousand years.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) The Crusades were so-called "Holy Wars" by which Christian Europe sought to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Crusades lasted from 1096 A.D. to 1246 A.D.
(3) The Age of Reason is the time period associated with the generation that came of age between the publication of Newton's ideas in 1687 and the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715. The main idea of this era was that natural law and the scientific method could be used to examine and understand all aspects of society.
(4) The Puritan Revolution took place in England from 1642–1660. The Puritans, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, established a military dictatorship and beheaded the English King Charles I in 1649. Puritan rule ended in 1658 after the death of Cromwell.

3
13. What was an immediate result of the mass starvation in Ireland in the late 1840s?

1. expansion of the Green Revolution to Ireland 3. migration of many Irish to other countries

2. acceptance of British rule by the Irish 4. creation of a mixed economy in Ireland

3 An immediate result of the mass starvation in Ireland in the late 1840s was the migration of many Irish to other countries. In the 1840s, Ireland experienced one of the worst famines in modern history. The potato, introduced from the Americas, was the main source of food for most of the Irish. In 1845, a "blight" (disease) destroyed the potato crop. Other crops, such as wheat and oats, were not affected. The British, who ruled Ireland, continued to require the Irish to ship these crops outside Ireland, leaving little for the Irish except the blighted potato. The result was the "Great Hunger." Of a population of eight million, about a million people died from starvation and disease over the next few years. Millions more emigrated to the United States and Canada. In the 1850s, over a million Irish emigrated to the United States. By the middle of the 20th century, over 4.5 million had emigrated to the United States.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The mass starvation in Ireland in the late 1840s did not lead to the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution is the use of 20th-century technological advances in agriculture to achieve increased food production on a limited parcel of land.
(2) The Great Hunger or mass starvation left a legacy of bitterness, not acceptance, of British rule. The anti-British attitude would continue throughout the 20th century.
(4) Ireland did not develop a mixed economy based on government regulation with private enterprise. The Irish economy was primarily agricultural, with little or no emphasis on industrial growth.

1
14. One goal of the League of Nations was to

1. promote peaceful relations worldwide 3. bring World War I to an end

2. stimulate the economy of Europe 4. encourage a strong alliance system

1 One goal of the League of Nations was to promote peaceful relations worldwide. The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, created the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international peace organization that consisted of more than 40 countries that hoped to settle problems through negotiations, not war. The countries that joined the League promised to take cooperative economic and military actions against any aggressor state. Although the League had been one of President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, the United States never joined. Lacking the support of the United States and other world powers, the League of Nations' ability to promote peace was weakened. In the 1930s, the ability to promote worldwide peace declined as the League of Nations was unable to prevent aggression or take effective actions against Japan, Italy, or Germany.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) The goal of the League of Nations was not to stimulate the economy of Europe. The League was formed to promote peace and security.
(3) The League of Nations was created in 1920. World War I had ended in 1918.
(4) The League of Nations was designed to end the strong alliance system, not encourage it. President Wilson believed that an international organization like the League of Nations could settle disputes better than the alliance system among groups of nations.

3
15. In the 19th century, a major reason for Irish migration to North America was to

1. gain universal suffrage 3. flee widespread famine

2. avoid malaria outbreaks 4. escape a civil war

3 In the 19th century, a major reason for Irish migration to North America was to flee widespread famine. The main cause of the mass starvation or famine in Ireland during the 19th century was the failure of the potato crop. In the 1840s, Ireland experienced one of the worst famines of modern history. The potato, introduced from the Americas, was the main source of food for most of the Irish. In 1845, a blight, or disease, destroyed the potato crop. Other crops, such as wheat and oats, were not affected. The British, who ruled Ireland, continued to require the Irish to ship these crops out of Ireland, leaving little for the Irish except the blighted potato. The result was the "Great Hunger." Out of a population of 8 million, about 1 million people died from starvation and disease over the next few years. Millions more emigrated to the United States and Canada. It is estimated that 18 percent of the Irish population was forced to migrate because of the potato famine.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Irish did not migrate to North America in the 19th century for universal suffrage. The struggle for universal suffrage, or the right to vote, would become a political issue in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
(2) There were no malaria outbreaks in Ireland during the 19th century.
(4) The Irish did not migrate to North America to escape a civil war. Although the Irish resented British rule, the British had established control over Ireland and formally joined the country to Britain in 1801.

1
16. Japan's invasion of Manchuria, Italy's attack on Ethiopia, and Germany's blitzkrieg in Poland are examples of

1. military aggression 3. containment

2. appeasement 4. the domino theory

1 Japan's invasion of Manchuria, Italy's attack on Ethiopia, and Germany's blitzkrieg in Poland are examples of military aggression. Military aggression is the use of armed forces or forceful actions to secure territorial gains. Throughout the 1930s, Japan, Italy, and Germany took these aggressive actions to pursue their goal of forming an empire. They scorned peace and glorified war. In 1931, Japanese military leaders seized Manchuria in pursuit of their goal for an empire. In 1935, Italy invaded the African country of Ethiopia. In both of these cases, the League of Nations did not take any concrete steps to stop these acts of aggression. On September 1, 1939, Hitler's Germany formed a blitzkrieg, which meant using armed tanks and airplanes to invade Poland. This led to the beginning of World War II.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Appeasement is the policy of giving in to the demands of aggression to avoid war. England and France used appeasement to satisfy Hitler's demand for land during the 1930s.
(3) Containment was the policy of the United States toward the Soviet Union to prevent the spread of communism in the world after World War II.
(4) The domino theory was introduced by United States President Dwight Eisenhower in 1954. The domino theory stated that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, the surrounding areas would fall under the influence of communism. President Eisenhower was concerned about the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

4
17. Which situation is considered a cause of the other three?

1. Religious unity declines throughout Europe. 3. The power of the Roman Catholic Church decreases.

2. The Catholic Counter-Reformation begins. 4. Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses.

4 A situation that is considered a cause of the other three is the posting of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther. On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a German monk, posted his Ninety-five Theses on a church door in Wittenberg, a university town. In these statements, he challenged the sale of indulgences and other papal practices. Luther's attack struck a chord throughout Germany. His actions led to the Protestant Reformation because its supporters protested against the Catholic Church. Martin Luther's demands for reform, which included a denial of papal authority and the belief that the Bible was the only guide for salvation, led to the establishment of many different Protestant churches throughout Europe. Powerful northern Europeans and northern German rulers welcomed the revolt against Rome as a way of getting valuable Church property. Thus, many northern German rulers protected Luther from attack. As the Protestant Reformation continued to spread, the Catholic Church took a number of actions known as the Counter-Reformation. The purpose of the Counter-Reformation was to strengthen the Catholic Church as well as to keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism. Pope Paul II called the Council of Trent to guide the reform movement. The Council, which met on and off for twenty years, reaffirmed traditional Catholic practices and worked to end abuses in the Church. The Protestant Reformation led to a series of religious wars in the 1520s between Catholics and Lutherans, which led to the Peace of Augsburg. This agreement, signed in 1555, allowed the rulers of a country to decide the religion of the people. Thus, most of northern Europe and northern Germany became Protestant and southern Europe remained Catholic. The Protestant Reformation ended Europe's religious unity, which had existed for almost a thousand years.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (3) All of these choices are the direct result of Martin Luther's posting of the Ninety-five Theses.

4
18. Which idea is most closely associated with laissez-faire economics?

1. communes 3. subsistence agriculture

2. trade unionism 4. free trade

4 The idea of free trade is most closely associated with laissez-faire economics. The economic theory of laissez-faire proposes that governments should not interfere with businesses. Laissez-faire stemmed from the economic philosophers of the 18th century Enlightenment. They argued that government regulation only interfered with the production of wealth. The economy would prosper without government regulation. The economic ideas of laissez-faire were skillfully presented by Adam Smith in his book Wealth of Nations. Smith argued that the free market—the natural forces of supply and demand—should be allowed to operate and regulate business. The free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable for everyone. A growing economy would also encourage capitalists to reinvest new profits in new ventures. Smith and other capitalists argued that the marketplace was better off without any government regulation. Smith argued for free trade in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions. Smith believed that government intervention generally increases costs of goods and services to both consumers and producers. Smith is considered the founder of the free trade and market economy. Adam Smith's idea of laissez-faire would gain increasing influence as the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Communes are communities in which property is held in common. Living quarters are shared, and physical needs are provided for and exchanged for work at assigned jobs.
(2) Trade unionism is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions.
(3) Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming in which the farmer and his family can barely make a living.

4
19. A study of Spain during the late 1400s, the Balkan States during the early 1900s, Rwanda during the 1990s, and Central Asia today shows that

1. civil disobedience is an effective way to bring about change 3. colonial rule has a lasting legacy

2. people have been encouraged to question tradition 4. ethnic conflicts have been a recurring issue in history

4 A study of Spain during the late 1400s, the Balkan States during the early 1900s, Rwanda during the 1990s, and Central Asia today shows that ethnic conflicts have been a recurring issue in history. In Spain, Muslims, called Moors, had controlled most of the country, and many Jews had achieved high positions in finance, government, and medicine. The Reconquistor represented a centuries-long attempt to unite Spain and expel Arabs and Jews. In 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon was married to Isabella of Castille, thus uniting the Christian kingdom of Spain. In 1492, the combined armies of these kingdoms drove the Moors from Granada and from Europe. To further consolidate their power and kingdom, Ferdinand and Isabella made use of the Inquisition, a religious court controlled by the monarchy. They monitored and persecuted people for heresy, especially Jews and Muslims. A person suspected of heresy might be questioned for weeks and even tortured. Eventually by 1492, the Spanish had expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain in Europe.
The most complex national conflicts arose in the Balkan Peninsula in the 1900s. Each group longed to extend their borders. Serbia, for example, had a large Slavic population. Serbia hoped to absorb all the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula. Other ethnic groups, such as the Bosnians, Croatians, Albanians, Bulgarians, and Romanians, all hoped to build their own countries. Many of these groups spoke Slavic but maintained their separate identities. Between 1900 and 1914, repeated uprisings and crises in the Balkans threatened both Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and made that area Europe's powder keg, ready to explode.
In Africa, ethnic conflict led to genocide in Rwanda. Before the killings in 1994, Rwanda had a population of about 7 million: 85 percent Hutu and 14 percent Tutsi. In April 1994, the president of Rwanda died in a suspicious plane crash. The president was a member of the Hutu tribe. In 1994, Hutu extremists, supported by government officials, slaughtered about 1 million Tutsis. The genocide ended when a Tutsi-led rebel army seized control of the government.
Ethnic conflicts have plagued the nations that once made up the Soviet states of Central Asia. These former Soviet Republics consist of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. These five countries contain more than 130 ethnic groups. Territorial disputes among Central Asian countries have resulted from the Soviet Union changing the border at will. When the Soviet Union was drawing up the borders of its republics, it gave very little consideration to ethnic and political realities. Border disputes existed between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, with 130 border sectors unsettled today. Uzbekistan threatened to cut off energy supplies to Kyrgyzstan, which has created a rift in relations between the two countries. The resurgence of Islamic fundamentalists in some of these republics has also contributed to conflicts in the area. After its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, a civil war broke out in Tajikistan between government authorities advocating a secular republic, with separation from political and religious groups such as the Islamic Renaissance Party that insisted on establishing an Islamic state. In 1997, a resolution was signed between the two groups under the mediation of the U.N., Russia, and Iran. Islamic organizations obtained legitimate status and were accepted into the government. There are reports that Tajik Islamic organizations are promoting their activities in other secular governments in Central Asia.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Civil disobedience was effective in bringing about change in India, but it had no influence in reducing violence or bringing about change in any of these areas.
(2) People were not encouraged to question tradition in Spain, the Balkan States, Rwanda, or Central Asia. People in these areas were forced to accept the dominant authority or government in power.
(3) A study would show that colonial rule had a lasting influence on Rwanda and some republics in Central Asia but not in Spain and the Balkans. In Rwanda, the former colonial rulers gave power to the minority Tutsis at the expense of the Hutus. In Central Asian republics, the dominant influence of the Russians created problems. However, in Spain the struggle was over the dominance of the Catholic Church, and in the Balkans the spirit of nationalism led to conflicts.

1
20. Which statement about the impact of the AIDS epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is most accurate?

1. Life expectancy in both regions is declining. 3. The introduction of awareness programs has eliminated the threat of the disease.

2. The availability of low-cost drugs has cured most of those infected. 4. Newborn babies and young children have not been affected by the disease.

1 The most accurate statement about the impact of the AIDS epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is that life expectancy in both regions is declining. Africa has 13 percent of the world's population and 60 percent of the AIDS cases. It is estimated that by 2010, the AIDS epidemic will take the lives of more than 12,000 people each day. In some African countries such as Zimbabwe and Botswana, life expectancy could drop to only 30 years of age. According to the World Health report, only 9 of the 53 countries for which the organization has data have life expectancies over 53 years old.
Southeast Asia now accounts for 20 percent of the world's HIV infections. In this area, 95 percent of all AIDS cases are concentrated in India, Thailand, and Myanmar. It is possible that within a few years Asia will be home to more people living with HIV than any other region in the world. As in Africa, the AIDS epidemic is affecting life expectancy. It is projected that by 2025, India's life expectancy could fall by 3—13 years, depending on how quickly the disease spreads.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Africa and Southeast Asia have not been able to use low-cost drugs to cure those infected. Unfortunately, most of the drugs are too expensive for these poor nations to afford.
(3) It has been very difficult to introduce awareness program about AIDS to eliminate the disease. Political and social conditions have prevented effective programs from developing in these countries. The recent data of different health organizations indicate that the AIDS epidemic is still spreading.
(4) Newborn babies and young children have been affected by the disease. In Africa and Southeast Asia, life expectancy for babies and children has declined.

2
21. Which country is most closely associated with the terms pass laws, homelands, and white minority rule?

1. El Salvador 3. Iran

2. South Africa 4. Israel

2 South Africa is the country most closely associated with the terms pass laws, homelands, and white minority rule. Although South Africa won its independence from Britain in 1919, its white minority citizens alone held political power. In 1948, the Nationalist Party came to power in South Africa. This party promoted and instituted a policy of apartheid, a complete separation of the races. The government banned social contacts between whites and blacks. Apartheid established segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods. Under apartheid, the government assigned black ethnic groups, such as the Zulus and Xhosas, to live in a number of Bantustans, or homelands. Supporters of apartheid claimed that the separation allowed each group to develop its own culture. The homelands, however, were in dry, infertile areas. Since South Africa needed black workers, they allowed some blacks to live outside of the homelands. To control their movement, the government enacted pass laws, requiring all black South Africans living in a town or city to carry a passbook. The passbook included a record of where they could travel or work, their tax payments, and any criminal convictions. It had to be carried at all times and produced upon demand. These laws enforced a system of inequality in South Africa.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (3), and (4) None of these countries are associated with these terms. El Salvador is in the Americas. Iran and Israel are countries in the Middle East.

4
22. In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United Nations response led to the Persian Gulf War of 1991. This response is an example of

1. detente 3. totalitarianism

2. empire building 4. collective security

4 In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United Nations' response led to the Persian Gulf War of 1991. This response is an example of collective security. Collective security is a system in which groups of nations, such as the League of Nations formed in 1920 or the United Nations started in 1945, act as one to preserve the peace of all nations. In July 1990, Iraqi president Saddam Hussein blamed Kuwait for falling oil prices. He claimed Kuwait was a creation of Great Britain and belonged to Iraq. On August 2, 1990, Hussein sent Iraqi forces to invade Kuwait. Hussein wanted to seize control of Kuwait's oil resources, which would double Iraq's share of the world oil reserves and also give Iraq access to the Persian Gulf. Other nations in the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, feared that they would fall victim to Iraq. The United States saw the invasion as a threat to its ally Saudi Arabia, and to the oil flow from the Persian Gulf. If Iraq seized control of Saudi Arabia and the Emirates, it would control more than one-half of the world's oil supplies. President George H. W. Bush organized Operation Desert Storm. This was a coalition of Arab, European, and American forces whose goal was to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. In Desert Storm, also known as the Gulf War, American missiles and bombers destroyed targets in Iraq. Then, under the U.N. banner, coalition forces pushed across to liberate Kuwait in four days (February 23–27). The independence of Kuwait was restored.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Détente describes the relaxation of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s.
(2) Empire building refers to the efforts of powerful nations to extend their control over weaker nations.
(3) Totalitarianism is a system of government in which one person or group controls all aspects of the political, economic, social, and religious life of a nation.

1
23. One way in which the Hitler Youth of Germany and the Red Guard of China are similar is that both organizations

1. required unquestioning loyalty to the leader 3. hindered imperialistic goals

2. helped increase religious tolerance 4. led pro-democracy movements

1 One way in which the Hitler Youth of Germany and the Red Guard of China are similar is that both organizations required unquestioning loyalty to the leader. The Hitler Youth was a paramilitary organization that existed from 1922 to 1945. Schoolchildren were required to join; the boys had to join the Hitler Youth and the girls joined the League of German Girls. One aim of the Youth movement was to instill the motivation to become loyal soldiers willing to fight for their government. Hitler's Youth movement put more emphasis on physical and military training than on academic study. On hikes and in camps, the Hitler Youths pledged absolute loyalty to Germany, promoting its greatness.
In 1962, Mao Zedong, the Communist leader of China, was concerned about the loss of enthusiasm and announced a "Cultural Revolution." Mao closed China's schools and invited students to gather in Beijing as Red Guards. They became a major force in the Cultural Revolution. The goal of the revolution was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal. The new hero was the peasant who worked with his hands. The intellectuals and artists were useless and dangerous. To help stamp out this threat, the Red Guards traveled throughout China shutting down colleges and schools. The Red Guards attacked writers, scientists, doctors, and professionals for abandoning Communist ideals. Waving copies of the "Little Red Book," Mao's sayings, Red Guards targeted anyone who resisted the regime. Exiled intellectuals or professionals were sent to work as laborers in the field. By 1969, China had become so disrupted that Mao called out the army to control the Red Guards and brought the Cultural Revolution to a close.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Neither of these organizations helped to increase religious tolerance. Both of these organizations stressed complete loyalty to the state over religious freedom. Hitler's Youth recognized Nazism, and the Red Guard pledged allegiance to Mao over respect to any religion.
(3) Hitler's Youth of Germany did not hinder imperialist goals of Nazism. Their goal was to become strong soldiers to help the German empire expand. The Red Guard believed in promoting the ideals of Mao's Communism, which promoted the expansion of Chinese power in foreign affairs.
(4) Neither of these groups were pro-democracy movements. These organizations stressed obedience over freedom.

3
24. Which statement about the worldwide Depression of the 1930s is a fact rather than an opinion?

1. Political leaders should have prevented the Depression. 3. The economic upheaval of the Depression had major political effects.

2. Germany was hurt more by the Treaty of Versailles than by the Depression. 4. World War I was the only reason for the Depression.

3 "The economic upheaval of the Depression had major political effects" is a fact rather than an opinion about the worldwide Depression of the 1930s. A depression is a severe economic downturn in which large numbers of businesses fail and many workers are unemployed over an extended period of time. At the height of the Depression, as many as 50 million people were unemployed in the United States, Germany, Japan, and other industrialized countries. In the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, was elected president in 1932. His election ended 12 years of Republican domination of the presidency and led to Democratic control of the Executive branch for 20 years. In the 1930s, the Great Depression spread from the United States to Germany. More than one-third of the German forces lost their jobs. The Weimar government, a new democratic government created to run Germany after World War I, was very weak and could not cope with this catastrophe. In the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler gained control of the National Socialist, or Nazi Party. Hitler stated that the Germans were the superior race who were destined to build a new empire. The popularity of his party grew, and as the Great Depression hit Germany, support for the Nazi Party increased rapidly. In elections, unemployed workers and members of the middle class turned to Hitler's Nazi Party as a way out of the economic chaos. In 1933, Germany's president appointed Hitler as chancellor. To combat the Depression, Hitler launched a large public works program. Tens of thousands of people were put to work building highways and housing, or replanting forests. Hitler also began a crash program to rearm Germany, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Demand for military hardware stimulated business and helped to eliminate unemployment and raise the standard of living in Germany. Hitler established total control of the country, but few people objected to their loss of freedom because economic prosperity had been returned to Germany. Although Japan had moved toward democracy during the 1920s, there were underlying problems in Japan such as poverty among the peasants and unemployment. The Depression made these problems more apparent. In the rice-growing areas of the northeast, crop failures in 1931 led to famine. City workers suffered as the value of exports fell by half between 1929 and 1931. As many as 3 million workers lost their jobs, forcing many to go to their rural villages. These problems enabled militarists and extreme nationalists to gain power. These militarists argued that the Japanese had to expand their empire as a way of solving some of the problems created by the Depression. This approach would lead to renewed expansion and efforts to gain control of China by military aggression.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) None of these statements can be supported by specific facts. It is difficult to show whether political leaders could have avoided the Depression, if Germany was hurt more by the Treaty of Versailles than by the Depression, or if World War I was the only reason for the Depression.

1
25. Base your answer on the accompanying cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies.

What is the main idea of this 2002 cartoon?

1. The technology of the Cold War now threatens peace in Asia. 3. Nuclear power presents a possible solution to energy shortages in southern Asia.

2. The risk of nuclear conflict has been eliminated. 4. Mediation has lessened tensions between India and Pakistan.

1 The main idea of this 2002 cartoon is that technology of the Cold War now threatens peace in Asia. Until the collapse of Communism in 1991, the world was fearful of a nuclear war between the United States and Russia. Since 1992, as the cartoon depicts, the torch of fear of nuclear conflict has passed to India and Pakistan. The proliferation of nuclear weapons has raised fear in the world community. In May 1998, India set off five nuclear tests, surprising the international community, which widely condemned India's pro-nuclear stance. Despite international urging for restraint, Pakistan responded by conducting several nuclear tests of its own. Both of these nations have refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The United States slapped sanctions on both countries. However, many people in India and Pakistan were jubilant because they believed that the possession of nuclear weapons makes them part of the elite nuclear club that is composed of the United States, England, France, Russia, and China. The international community is fearful that India and Pakistan will rely entirely on nuclear weapons to maintain their security. These sanctions were lifted after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when the United States sought allies against al-Qaeda. The United States has continually taken steps to mediate the peace between these countries and stabilize the military balance. However, in 2006, the United States and India signed a nuclear agreement, allowing these countries to share nuclear reactors. India, in return, has agreed to accept international safeguards or inspection of its nuclear facilities. This agreement still faces opposition from political parties in India as well as congressional leaders in the United States. Pakistan has also expressed fears about this agreement because it could accelerate the arms race. In a concession to Pakistan, the United States has promised to provide more than $230 million to help the country upgrade its F16 fighter jet, seen as crucial for maintaining military parity with India.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2), (3), and (4) None of these ideas is contained in the cartoon.

2
26. Base your answer on the accompanying cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies.

What does this cartoon suggest about news coverage of world events?

1. Social concerns are often overemphasized. 3. Too much time is devoted to European affairs.

2. Africa's issues are often overshadowed by events in other regions. 4. Africa's problems can be solved if global powers cooperate.

2 This cartoon suggests about news coverage of world events that Africa's issues are often overshadowed by events in other regions. The cartoon shows that the nightly news focuses and shines its light on events that are happening in the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Israel. The news also highlights the issues in Afghanistan, as well as Pakistan and Russia. Unfortunately, the news, as the cartoon indicates, spends little time on the AIDS epidemic, famine, and overpopulation, which are shown in the background. The cartoon shows that these problems are not given much attention because there is no light shining on the continent of Africa, whereas the light burns brightly on the Middle East and areas close to it.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (3), and (4) The cartoon supports none of these choices. There is no reference to social concerns, European affairs, and whether Africa's problems can be solved if global powers cooperate.

3
27. What has the end of communism in the Soviet Union caused many countries in Eastern Europe to do?

1. shift to a command economy 3. pursue free-market economic policies

2. maintain a communist form of government 4. join the Warsaw Pact

3 The end of Communism in the Soviet Union has caused many countries in Eastern Europe to pursue free-market economic policies. A free-market system is one in which the individual businesses have the freedom to operate for profits with little or no government interference. After the fall of Communism in 1991, countries in Eastern Europe adopted a policy of economic liberalization. The state withdrew from economic control, and various small and large industrial firms were assigned the task of forming new enterprises by strengthening the private sector. Poland is now one of the premier economies among the nations that make up Eastern Europe. Because of its economic growth through private enterprise, Europe invited Poland to be a member of the European Union in 2004. It is estimated that Poland has one of the strongest economies among the various East European countries. Hungary, like Poland, made a transition from a state-run economy to a market economy. Through privatization and tax reduction of Hungarian businesses, the country experienced economic growth. By the beginning of the 21st century, 90 percent of the businesses in Hungary had been privatized. The other countries in Eastern Europe have primarily adopted the market economy since the fall of Communism.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Eastern European countries have rejected a command economy, in which government dictates what is to be produced. They have accepted the free enterprise system.
(2) No countries in Eastern Europe have maintained a Communist form of government.
(4) The Warsaw Pact ended in 1991 with the collapse of Communism.

1
28. One similarity between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini is that both

1. led fascist states 3. rejected militarism

2. supported communism 4. remained in power after World War II

1 One similarity between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini is that both led fascist states. A fascist or totalitarian state is one in which the government controls every aspect of a citizen's life through a one-party dictatorship. Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nationalist Socialist Party, or Nazis, who controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945, built a one-party government that became known as the Third Reich. He had unlimited power. He used his secret police, the Gestapo, to suppress all opposition and had little regard for the civil rights of the people. Schoolchildren were taught Nazi ideas and had to join the Hitler Youth organization to learn to be good Nazis. Newspapers, radio, and films praised the virtues of Nazism. The Third Reich became one of the most brutal dictatorships in the world, and was responsible for the deaths of millions of people throughout Europe.
Benito Mussolini was the leader of the Fascist Party that ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943. As head of the fascist state, Mussolini (Il Duce) made Italy into a dictatorship. Mussolini allowed the existence of one political party, the Fascist Party, and limited legislative elections to yes/no votes on a single list of fascist-chosen candidates. The Black Shirts (Mussolini's secret police) crushed all opposition. Unions were abolished, strikes were outlawed, and the press was censored. Mussolini exhorted the people to "believe, fight, and obey."

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Both of these leaders were opposed to Communism. Hitler and Mussolini came to power because many people believed that they were the only groups that could control the Communists.
(3) Hitler and Mussolini did not reject militarism. They promoted a strong military to restore the country's pride and greatness.
(4) Neither of these men remained in power after World War II. Mussolini was shot by Italian partisans in 1945 and Hitler committed suicide in 1945.

3
29. Base your answer on the accompanying cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies.

This cartoonist is referring to the way Germany was affected in 1919 by

1. the Congress of Vienna 3. the Treaty of Versailles

2. its defeat of Napoleon 4. its defeat in World War II

3 This cartoonist is referring to the way Germany was affected in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles contained many harsh provisions. Many Germans blamed the Treaty of Versailles for the country's troubles. According to Article 231, the Germans had to accept full responsibility for the war by signing the war-guilt clause. As a result, Germany had to pay reparation payments of more than $32 million. Many Germans believed that these reparations contributed to the nation's economic decline. To pay for the heavy reparations payments to the Allies, Germany had to print more money. As a result, the value of the German currency, the mark, fell rapidly. Severe inflation set in. The Germans needed more money to buy even basic goods. It was reported that in 1923, a loaf of bread cost 200 billion marks. People took wheelbarrows full of money to buy food. Eventually, the mark became worthless. Despite a brief recovery in the mid-1920s, the Great Depression destroyed any hope of recovery. In the 1930s, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party gained support by claiming that Hitler would tear up the Versailles Treaty and denounce the war-guilt clause.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) None of these events is depicted in the cartoon. The Congress of Vienna and Napoleon's defeat occurred in the 19th century. The Allied nations defeated Germany in 1945. This cartoon refers to conditions in Germany in 1919.

3
30. Base your answer on the accompanying cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies.

This 1919 cartoon suggests that Germany may come under the influence of

1. moderates 3. radicals

2. conservatives 4. isolationists

3 This 1919 cartoon suggests that Germany may come under the influence of radicals. The radicals in this cartoon are the Bolshevists or Communists. In 1917, the Communists had come to power in Russia and there was fear among Germans that Communism would overrun their country. A core belief of Communism was that Communism was a worldwide movement that was destined to spread to all industrial countries. The poor economic conditions in Germany during the 1920s were made worse by the Great Depression. Nearly 6 million people, or about 30 percent of the workforce, was unemployed in 1932. Civil unrest broke out in the country. Many conservative Germans were fearful that the Communists, as in Russia, were strong enough to overthrow the weak Weimar government. Thus, many conservative leaders turned to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. They believed that he could stand up to the Communist party but that they could still control him. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany and called for a new election. Six days before the election, a fire destroyed the German Reichstag building where Parliament met. By stirring up the fear of Communism, Hitler and his allies won by a slim majority. Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He destroyed the Communists and the fear that the people had about their gaining power in Germany. In the process, he established dictatorial control over the entire country.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) There is no reference to moderates, conservatives, or isolationists. Moderates and conservatives want limited change. Isolationists are those groups that seek to limit or avoid involvement in the affairs or conflicts of other nations.

1
31. What was the main reason for the extensive Irish emigration to North America in the 1840s?

1. mass starvation 3. civil war

2. military draft 4. smallpox outbreak

1 Mass starvation was the main reason for the extensive Irish emigration to North America in the 1840s. In the 1840s, Ireland experienced one of the worst famines of modern history. The potato, introduced from the Americas, was the main source of food for most of the Irish. In 1845, a blight, or disease, destroyed the potato crop. The British, who ruled Ireland, continued to require the Irish to ship these crops outside Ireland. The result was the "Great Famine." Out of a population of 8 million, about 1 million people died from starvation and disease over the next few years. More than 1 million people emigrated to the United States and Canada.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) and (3) Neither of these choices was the main reason for Irish emigration. Britain controlled Ireland in the 19th century and there was no military draft for the Irish, nor did a civil war break out in the country.
(4) Diseases, such as smallpox, did kill millions of people but did not result in extensive Irish migration. It was the lack of food that contributed to Irish migration.

4
32. Which statement demonstrates a major characteristic of mercantilism in colonial Latin America?

1. Colonies developed local industries to compete with Spain. 3. Spain instituted democratic governments in its colonies.

2. Spanish colonies traded freely with English colonies. 4. Colonies were a source of raw materials for Spain.

4 A statement that demonstrates a major characteristic of mercantilism in colonial Latin America is that colonies were a source of raw materials for Spain. Under the policy of mercantilism, Spain and other colonial powers considered their colonies to be possessions to benefit the imperial power. Mercantilism was an economic policy that Spain adapted in the 15th and 16th centuries in its quest for trade and colonies. To make the empire profitable, Spain closely controlled its economic activities, especially trade.
Colonies had to export raw materials only for the mother country and could buy only Spanish-manufactured goods. Laws forbade colonists from trading with other European nations or even with other Spanish colonies. Spanish colonies in the Americas kept the wealth flowing back into the home country because colonies ensured a favorable balance of trade. This favorable balance of trade increased the wealth of the nation that was measured by the supply of gold and silver. The most valuable resources or raw materials shipped from Spanish America to Spain were gold and silver.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Under mercantilism, colonies were not allowed to develop local industries to compete with Spain. Colonies could not set their own industries to manufacture goods. Strict laws were passed to enforce these regulations.
(2) Spanish colonies were not allowed to trade freely with English colonies. Spain passed strict navigation laws to ensure that colonies traded only with the mother country.
(3) Spain never instituted democratic government in its colonies. Spain was ruled by an absolute monarch who maintained strict control of the colonies through viceroys who ruled in his name.

3
33. Base your answer on the statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . . For many in the contemporary Arab world, the Crusades are viewed as having begun nearly a millennium of conflict with what would become the West. The Crusades are seen as representing the constant threat of Western encroachment [trespassing]. But many scholars say that is a more recent and inaccurate view of the Crusades. . . .
—Mike Shuster, reporter, NPR

The Medieval Crusades were taken and then turned into something that they never really were in the first place. They were turned into a kind of a proto-imperialism, an attempt to bring the fruits of European civilization to the Middle East, when, in fact, during the Middle Ages the great sophisticated and wealthy power was the Muslim world. Europe was the Third World. . . .
—Thomas Madden, St. Louis University,
History of relations between the
West and Middle East, NPR,
All Things Considered,
August 17, 2004

These statements indicate that the history of the Crusades

1. has been neglected by experts 3. is the subject of debate and interpretation

2. was of little importance 4. illustrates the importance of tolerance and understanding

3 These statements indicate that the history of the Crusades is the subject of debate and interpretation. A major goal of the Crusades, which lasted from 1096 to 1291, was to capture the Holy Land from Islamic rulers. In 1096, Pope Urban II called for a Crusade or Holy War against the Muslims, claiming that God was on the side of the Crusaders. In 1187, the Muslim leader, Saladin, claimed that God was on his side when he recaptured Jerusalem. Both Christians and Muslims believed that God was on their side. The lasting legacy of the Crusades is how it continues to be a source of debate and interpretation. Contemporary Arabs view the Crusades as the beginning of the conflict that has existed between the Christian and Muslim worlds for more than a thousand years. Others claim that Europeans should realize that their society benefited by their contact with the Muslim world. The Muslim world was a highly developed civilization, and a direct result of the Crusades was that Europe brought back new ideas, products, and the culture of Greece and Rome to their society. Europe also became aware of the advances in Arab civilizations in art, science, and literature. The conflicting view of the Crusades indicates that it is still a highly debated topic in the history of the relations between the Middle East and the West.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (4) None of these choices is addressed in the reading passage.

1
34. The encomienda system in colonial Latin America led to the

1. use of forced labor 3. increase in land ownership by Native Americans

2. establishment of trade unions 4. weakening of the power of peninsulares

1 The encomienda system in colonial Latin America led to the use of forced labor. The purpose of the encomienda system in Latin America was to obtain labor and taxes from the native peoples in the Spanish colonies. To make the Spanish colonies profitable, Spain closely controlled their economic activities. The Spanish set up large plantations to grow cash crops, such as sugarcane and coffee, that they could ship to Spain. Finding the large number of workers needed to make the plantations profitable was a problem. During the early 1500s, the Spanish king created the encomienda system. The Spanish granted the conquistadors the right to demand taxes or labor from the people living on the land. In return, the Spanish were to pay the Native Americans for their work, look after their health, and teach them about Christianity. The Spanish used the system to enslave Native Americans. Bartolomeo de Las Casas, a Dominican priest, spoke out against the horrors of the encomienda system, and in 1542 Spain passed a law forbidding the enslavement of Native Americans. However, Spain was too far away to enforce them. Many Native Americans were forced to become peons, workers forced to labor for landlords to pay off their debts.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) The encomienda system did not lead to the establishment of trade unions. The workers under the encomienda system were denied any basic rights to organize and worked under brutal conditions. The conquistadors brutally killed or hunted down anyone who resisted their rule.
(3) The encomienda system did not lead to an increase in land ownership by Native Americans. The Spanish did not allow Native Americans to own their land. They forced them to work on plantations.
(4) The encomienda system did not weaken the power of peninsulares. The peninsulares were people born in Spain who filled the highest positions in both colonial governments and the Catholic Church.

1
35. Ethnocentrism is best defined as

1. the belief that one's culture is superior to all others 3. love and devotion to one's country

2. military preparation for a civil war 4. a belief in one god

1 Ethnocentrism is best defined as the belief that one's culture is superior to all others. The word ethnocentrism derives from the Greek word ethnos, meaning "nation or people," and the English word center. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is the most important and that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. It is also the belief that one's own group is at the center of everything against which all other groups are judged. Ethnocentrism can lead to making false assumptions about cultural differences as well as to racism, which can be very destructive to society.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Militarism is the term used to define military preparation for civil war.
(3) Nationalism or patriotism is defined as love and devotion to one's country.
(4) Monotheism is a belief in one god.

3
36. Censorship, mass arrests, and a secret police force are most characteristic of

1. parliamentary democracies 3. totalitarian regimes

2. republics 4. constitutional monarchies

No Explanation Available.

1
37. One result of the European conquest of Latin America was that in Latin America

1. Spanish became the major spoken language 3. the Aztec religion spread

2. Native american cultures flourished 4. many parliamentary democracies were established

No Explanation Available.

1
38. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be

1. acquired as markets and sources of raw materials 3. granted independence as soon as possible

2. considered an economic burden for the colonial power 4. encouraged to develop their own industries

No Explanation Available.

3
39. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the major problems in Eastern Europe and Russia have primarily resulted from the

1. high rate of illiteracy found in most of these nations 3. switch from a command economy to a free-market economy

2. refusal of government leaders to allow foreign investments 4. unwillingness of the industrialized nations to provide advisors

No Explanation Available.

2
40. Base your answer on the list and on your knowledge of social studies. What does this list of events suggest about the Cold War Era?

1. Throughout the period, the United States and the Soviet Union were reluctant to solve conflicts. 3. Economics played a key role in causing conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union.

2. The level of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union varied. 4. The United Nations was instrumental in reducing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

No Explanation Available.

4
41. The end of the Cold War is best symbolized by the

1. establishment of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 3. withdrawal of United Nations forces from Sonalia and from Kuwait

2. formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Common Market 4. destruction of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany

No Explanation Available.

1
42. Which policy shows that appeasement does not always prevent war?

1. British policy toward Germany in Munich during the 1930's 3. United States policy toward Cuba in the early 1960's

2. French policy in Indochina in the 1950's 4. Iraqi policy toward Iran in the 1980's

No Explanation Available.

3
43. The major goal of the Green Revolution had been to

1. decrease the use of modern farm machinery 3. increase agricultural output

2. decrease population growth 4. increase the number of traditional farms

No Explanation Available.

3
44. Which factor has most limited the development of national unity in India, Lebanon, and Bosnia-Herzegovina?

1. lack of natural resources 3. religious and ethnic differences

2. inability to end colonialism 4. rapid growth of industry

No Explanation Available.

2
45. [Japan buys oil from the Middle East.],[Colombia sells coffee to the United States.],[Great Britain joins the European Community.],[Poland buys natural gas from Russia.]. These statements all relate to the concept of

1. balance of power 3. isolationism

2. interdependence 4. imperialism

No Explanation Available.

2
46. During the Middle ages, Europeans did not eat potatoes or corn because these vegetables

1. forbidden by the Catholic Church for religious reasons 3. were believed to be poisonous

2. had not yet been introduced to Europe from the New World 4. were too expensive to import from China

No Explanation Available.

4
47. The treatment of intellectuals under the rule of Khmer Rouge, of the Jews in Europe during World War II, and the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire are examples of

1. cultural diffusion 3. modernization

2. fundamentalism 4. genocide

No Explanation Available.

4
48. Base your answer on the cartoon and on your knowledge of social studies. What is the main idea of the cartoon?

1. The people of developing nations have refused to ask for aid. 3. Industrialized nations have prevented starvation in developing nations.

2. Relief workers have died trying to help suffering people in developing nations. 4. People in some developing nations lack the basic necessities while people in other nations have more than they need.

No Explanation Available.

3
49. In a market economy, the ultimate power rests with

1. the government 3. consumers

2. the military 4. union leaders

No Explanation Available.

2
50. In the Republic of South Africa, the primary goal of the African National Congress (ANC) has been to

1. eliminate Communist influence 3. create a unite Africa

2. rule as the majority political party 4. promote homeland areas for blacks

No Explanation Available.

3
51. The war between India and Pakistan in Kashmir in 1965, the sending of Indian troops to Sri Lanka in 1987, and the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 all demonstrate that in the South Asia

1. the Shinto religion is a significant force 3. regional and ethnic rivalries remain strong

2. United Nations peacekeeping forces are ineffective 4. nations are vulnerable to a communist takeover

No Explanation Available.

3
52. A continuing Western criticism of the Kuwaiti Government after the Persian Gulf War is that

1. most people remain very poor 3. women are still denied fundamental political rights

2. Communists have been appointed to important government jobs 4. Iraq maintains too much influence over Kuwait's foreign policy

No Explanation Available.

3
53. During the Cold War Era (1945-1990), the United States and the Soviet Union were reluctant to become involved in direct military conflict mainly because of

1. the peacekeeping role of the United Nations 3. the potential for global nuclear destruction

2. pressure from nonaligned nations 4. increased tensions in the Middle East

No Explanation Available.

2
54. During the 16th century, the encomienda system of agriculture implemented by the Spanish in Latin America and the plantation system established by other European nations in Southeast Asia were similar in that both

1. redistributed the land to the peasants 3. diminished the power of the military

2. depended on a system of force labor 4. produced multicrop economies

No Explanation Available.

4
55. [The Chinese called their land "Middle Kingdom".], [Europeans often used the term "backward" to refer to China.] These statements best illustrate

1. the failure of geographers to establish a universal terminology 3. the adoption of policies of nonalignment

2. the importance of East Asia in world history 4. attitudes of ethnocentrism in both cultures

No Explanation Available.

Gh4 09 9/22/09
Mr Eisenberg TEACHER ANSWER KEY
September 23, 2009

4
1.

The Nazi Party controls Germany.
Khmer Rouge rules in Cambodia.
The Sandinistas control Nicaragua.
Which statement describes a similarity in these situations?

1. Civil liberties were promoted. 3. Leaders won the support of all groups.

2. Voting rights were extended to women. 4. One group seized power and limited opposition.

4 The statement that describes a similarity in these situations is that one group seized power and limited opposition. Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nationalist Socialist Party or Nazis, controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945. He established a one-party government known as the Third Reich. He had unlimited power and used his secret police, the Gestapo, to suppress all opposition with little regard for their civil rights. Schoolchildren were taught Nazi ideas and had to join Hitler's Youth Organization to learn to be good Nazis. The media praised the virtues of Nazism. In 1975, the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot took control of Cambodia and renamed the country Kampuchea. He instituted a reign of terror and tried to drive out all Western influence. From 1975 to 1979, he tried to establish an agrarian society. The Khmer Rouge forced people out of the cities and resettled them in the country. He and his followers killed off the educated classes of the country, and its monks, minority groups, technicians, and artists. It is estimated that 1.5 million to 1.7 million Cambodians died from forced labor, starvation, or execution. From 1936 to 1979, the Somoza family governed Nicaragua. They were repressive but had close ties to the United States because of their anticommunist stance. In 1979, the Sandinistas, a group that included both reform-minded Nationalists and Communists, overthrew the Somoza government. Under Sandinista President Daniel Ortega, they introduced land reform and other socialist policies. They seized lands that belonged to wealthy Somoza supporters and turned them over to peasants. They also taught people to read and write and improved rural healthcare. However, the Sandinistas faced opposition from the upper- and middle-class Nicaraguans who had lost property and opposed the creation of a socialist dictatorship. With the help of the Untied States, which feared that Nicaragua might become a Communist state like Cuba, the contras or forces that opposed the Sandinistas fought a civil war that lasted over a decade and seriously weakened the economy.

Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) These governments did not promote civil liberties such as freedom of speech or press. The Nazi Party, Khmer Rouge, and Sandinistas were dictators and did not promote democracy.
(2) In Germany and Nicaragua, women had the right to vote prior to the rise of the Nazi Party and the Sandinistas. In Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, voting rights were never extended to women.
(3) The Nazis, Khmer Rouge, and Sandinistas never won the support of all groups. Hitler banned all political parties, like the Communists who opposed him. The educated class and religious groups opposed the Khmer Rouge. In Nicaragua, the upper and middle classes opposed the Sandinistas.

3
2. ". . . We cannot and must not allow ourselves to have the message of Hiroshima and Nagasaki fade completely from our minds, and we cannot allow our vision or ideals to fade, either. For if we do, we have but one course left for us. And that flash of light will not only rob us of our vision, but it will rob us of our lives, our progeny [descendants], and our very existence."
--Tadatoshi Akiba, Mayor of Hiroshima

With which issue is Mayor Akiba most concerned?

1. depletion of the ozone layer 3. nuclear proliferation

2. treatment of infectious diseases 4. international terrorism

3 Mayor Akiba is most concerned with the issue of nuclear proliferation, the spread of nuclear weapons. The United States dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9. The first bomb flattened 4 square miles of the city of Hiroshima and killed 70,000 people. The second bomb killed 40,000 people. Since 1945, nations have poured many resources into building nuclear weapons. The number of nuclear weapons grew from 3 in 1945 to over 50,000 in the 1980s. During the Cold War, efforts to curb the arms race had only limited success. Yet in 1968, many nations signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), agreeing to halt the spread of nuclear weapons. However, India and Pakistan refused to sign it, believing that they had to develop nuclear weapons to maintain their security and claiming that nuclear weapons make them part of an elite nuclear club composed of the United States, England, France, Russia, and China. In 1998, India and Pakistan announced a successful test of nuclear weapons. The international community was concerned that Iran and North Korea were also on the path of developing nuclear weapons and power plants. In November, 2003, Iranian officials admitted to the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency that they have secretly developed a broad range of nuclear weapons. They first agreed to inspection but later barred inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency in March 2004. In 2006, the United States and other members of the U.N. Security Council tried to pressure Iran to halt nuclear development. In June, they promised to provide financial and trade incentives for Iran to suspend its program of uranium enrichment that could lead to the development of nuclear weapons. If Iran rejects the deal, it could face economic or military sanctions. In 1999, North Korea agreed to end its nuclear program and to allow the United States to conduct ongoing inspections. The U.S. promised to increase food and oil exports to the country. After a dispute with inspectors, North Korea revoked its signature. In February 2005, North Korea publicly declared that it possesses nuclear weapons and pulled out of the six-nation talk hosted by China. North Korea wants direct talks with the United States who has refused this request. In June 2006, the National Intelligence Agency estimated that North Korea has enough plutonium for six or more weapons. Some of these missiles can reach the United States. Recently, North Korea launched a series of short to medium-range missiles in the Sea of Japan. Japan and the United States consider these actions a threat to the international community. They are pressing the U.N. Security Council to back sanctions against North Korea. The U.S. and the entire national community fear that North Korea or Iran might sell their weapons to terrorist groups like al-Qaeda and threaten the peace and balance of power in the world.

Wrong Choices Explained:
(1), (2), and (4) Mayor Akiba of Hiroshima does not express concern about the ozone layer, infectious diseases, or international terrorism, only that the world does not forget the devastation created by the use of the atomic bomb on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

3
3. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which conclusion about the slave trade in Africa is supported by this map?

1. Most of the slaves came from eastern Africa. 3. Several European countries participated in the slave trade.

2. Few people were taken from Africa to other continents. 4. The slave trade began in southern Africa.

3 The map supports the conclusion that several European countries participated in the slave trade. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore Africa during the 1400s. This changed with the colonization of the Americas. In the 1500s, the Europeans came to view African slaves as one of the most valuable African trade goods. The buying and selling of African slaves for work in the Americas became known as the Atlantic Slave Trade. The Portuguese imported the largest number of slaves to Brazil. It is estimated that more than 40 percent of all African slaves brought to the Americas went to Brazil. During the 1500s and 1600s, the English, French, and Dutch established colonies in the Caribbean Islands. The British set up colonies in Jamaica, Trinidad, and British Honduras. The French gained control of Haiti while the Dutch controlled Guiana. As the demand for cheap labor grew, these countries were forced to import African slaves for the sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations. During the 1630s, the Dutch had seized lands in Brazil and learned to grow sugar. When the Portuguese expelled them, many Dutch moved to the Caribbean. As England's presence grew in the Caribbean, it began to dominate the slave trade. From 1690 until the English abolished the slave trade in 1807, England was the leading carrier of enslaved Africans. It has been estimated that more than 9.5 million slaves were imported to the Americas. By the time the slave trade ended in 1870, England had transported nearly 1.7 million Africans to their colonies in the Caribbean and the West Indies. A small number of enslaved Africans were imported to North America. In all, nearly 400,000 Africans arrived in North America.

Wrong Choices Explained:
(1), (2), and (4) None of these conclusions can be supported by the map, which provides information on which European countries were involved in the slave trade, but not where the slaves were taken nor whether the slave trade began in southern Africa. The slaves came primarily from southern not eastern Africa.

2
4. Base your answer on the accompanying diagram and on your knowledge of social studies.

What is the best title for this diagram?

1. Encomienda System 3. Silk Road

2. Columbian Exchange 4. Open Door policy

2 The best title for this diagram is the "Columbian Exchange," which describes the global transfer of food, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. The voyages of Christopher Columbus began a vast cultural exchange between the two hemispheres. In 1493, Columbus returned to Spain with new plants and animals that he had found in the Americas. When Columbus returned to the Americas later in 1493 with some 1,200 settlers, he brought with him a collection of European animals and plants, including horses, cattle, and pigs. The Columbian Exchange had begun. Ships brought a wide array of products that Europeans, Asians, and Africans had never seen before, including plants such as tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, and cocoa beans (chocolate). Perhaps the most important foods from the Americas to the rest of the world were corn and potatoes. Over time, both crops became an important and steady part of diets throughout the world. The planting of the white potato in Ireland and the first sweet potato in China greatly changed the lives of the people in these countries. The introduction of new foods from the Americas also frightened people. Italians thought it was harmful to eat tomatoes, and officials in Burgundy, France, banned the potato. They thought that eating too many potatoes caused leprosy. Few events transformed the world like the Columbian Exchange.

Wrong Choices Explained:
(1) The Encomienda System was established by the Spanish government in the Americas. This system enabled the colonists to tax or get labor from the Native Americans.
(3) The Silk Road was an ancient Chinese commercial route that stretched for over 4,000 miles. The Road enabled China to exchange its silk for Middle Eastern and European products.
(4) The Open Door Policy, introduced by the United States in 1899, proposed that China's doors be opened to merchants of all nations. It protected both American trading rights in China and China's freedom from colonization.

1
5.

Chernobyl experiences nuclear disaster.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) deplete the ozone layer.
Rivers and seas are polluted throughout the world.
Which conclusion can best be drawn from these statements?

1. Modern technology can have serious negative effects. 3. Only developing nations have environmental problems.

2. Today's environment renews itself. 4. Most environmental problems originate in Europe.

1 The conclusion that can best be drawn from these statements is that modern technology can have serious negative effects. On April 25-26, 1986, the world's greatest nuclear power accident occurred at Chernobyl in the former U.S.S.R. (now Ukraine). The Chernobyl nuclear power plant, located 80 miles north of Kiev, had four reactors. While testing reactor number 4, numerous safety procedures were disregarded. The chain reaction explosion blew off the reactor's heavy steel and concrete lid. The nuclear accident released more than 30 to 40 times the radioactivity of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Chernobyl accident killed more than 30 people immediately. As a result of the high radiation levels in the surrounding areas, 135,000 people had to be evacuated and billions of dollars were spent to relocate communities and decontaminate the rich farmlands. Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) are a carbon-based combination of chlorine and fluorine used in aerosol spray cans, inhalers, and coolants. The release of these chemicals is a major cause of the depletion of the ozone level. An international organization named Greenpeace was founded in 1981. Its goal is to prevent environmental degradation and promote environmental awareness through direct nonviolent confrontations with polluting corporations and governmental authorities. In 1992, Greenpeace introduced Greenfreeze, an ozone and climate-safe refrigeration technology. Greenfreeze uses a mixture of propane and isobutene to decrease the release of CO₂ into the atmosphere. By 1996, Germany, the United States, and Canada had agreed to phase out CFC use. Rivers and seas have become polluted by human wastes, fertilizers, pesticides, and toxic chemicals. These substances may lead to the development of cancers and even cause death. Oil spills pollute vital waterways and kill marine life. Many nations have set standards on water quality to protect the environment.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2), (3), and (4) None of these choices can be supported by the statements given. These statements do not give any information about environmental renewal or the location and origin of environmental problems.

4
6. The Armenian massacre, the Holocaust, and the Rape of Nanking are examples of

1. appeasement policies 3. Russification efforts

2. resistance movements 4. human rights violations

4 The Armenian massacre, the Holocaust, and the Rape of Nanking are examples of human rights violations. Human rights are those rights such as freedom of speech and press held by all people by virtue of belonging to a civil society. The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Rights adopted in 1948 states that these are the basic liberties and freedoms to which all people are entitled. The Armenian massacre refers to the atrocities committed against the Armenian people of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. By the 1890s, roughly 2.5 million Christian Armenians had begun to demand their freedom. As a result, relations between the group and its Turkish ruler grew strained. Throughout the 1890s, the Turkish troops killed tens of thousands of Armenians. When World War I broke out, the Armenians pledged their support to the Turkish enemies. In response, the Turkish government deported nearly 2 million Armenians between the years 1915 and 1918. Along the way, more than 600,000 died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers. Women and children were abused, and the entire wealth of the Armenian people was expropriated. The Holocaust was a systematic destruction of more than two-thirds of the prewar Jewish population of Europe. Hitler began this policy of genocide by limiting the rights of the Jewish people. In 1935, the Nuremberg laws in Germany placed severe restrictions on the Jewish people. They were prohibited from marrying non-Jews or holding a teaching or government job. Violence against Jews was encouraged. On November 9, 1938, Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) spread across Germany. Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities, smashed windows, looted shops, and burned synagogues. Hitler finally set up concentration camps where the Jewish people were starved, shot, or gassed to death. An estimated 6 million Jews died in the Holocaust. The Rape of Nanking refers to the six-week carnage that occurred when the Japanese invaded the city in December 1937. Between December 1937 and March 1938, the Japanese army proceeded to murder more than half of the 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. During this six-week carnage, an estimated 80,000 women and girls were raped; many of them were then mutilated or murdered. Thousands of victims were beheaded, bayoneted, buried alive, or disemboweled. Throughout the city of Nanking, acts of murder occurred as soldiers frequently fired their rifles into panicked crowds of civilians. Some consider the Rape of Nanking the single worst atrocity during World War II in the Pacific theater of war.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Appeasement policies were used by England and France to satisfy Hitler's demand for land during the 1930s.
(2) Resistance movements usually refer to the efforts of people to gain their independence from their colonial rulers.
(3) Russification efforts are used to describe the policy adopted by the Russian czar to unite the empire's many provinces. Czar Alexander III started this policy in 1882.

2
7. Base your answer on the cartoon (see image) and your knowledge of social studies.

Which statement best describes the main point of the cartoon?

1. Nuclear proliferation occurs in all societies. 3. Nuclear technology should be limited to the global superpowers.

2. Actions of one nation often affect other nations. 4. Most governments are critical of India's nuclear tests.

2 The statement that best describes the main point of the cartoon is that the actions of one nation often affect other nations. The cartoon describes nuclear proliferation or the spread of nuclear weapons. In May 1998, India set off five nuclear tests, surprising the international community, which widely condemned India's pro-nuclear stance. Despite international urgings for restraints, Pakistan responded by conducting several nuclear tests of its own. Both of these nations have refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The United Sates imposed sanctions on both countries. However, many people in India and Pakistan were jubilant because they believe that the possession of nuclear weapons makes them part of the elite nuclear club that is composed of the Unites States, England, France, Russia, and China. The international community is fearful that India and Pakistan will rely entirely on nuclear weapons to maintain their security. It is also believed that Iran has developed nuclear weapons. In November 2003, Iranian officials admitted to the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency that they had been secretly developing a broad range of nuclear capabilities for the past 18 years. Iran, however, agreed to unannounced weapon inspections and to temporarily halt its uranium enrichment program. Later, in March 2004, Iran barred nuclear inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The United States, which labeled Iran as one of the three nations in the Axis of Evil, is concerned that a nuclear-armed Iran would further destabilize the Persian Gulf and possibly give terrorists access to weapons of mass destruction. India, Pakistan, and Iran believe that they must develop nuclear weapons or begin a nuclear program because they feel threatened by their neighbors.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) While nuclear proliferation occurred in nations such as India, Pakistan, and Iran, this cartoon does not indicate that nuclear proliferation occurs in all societies.
(3) This cartoon does not claim that nuclear proliferation should be limited to the global superpowers. The cartoon makes no reference to global superpowers.
(4) This cartoon does not indicate or explicitly show that most governments are critical of India's nuclear tests. It makes no reference to any criticisms by other nations.

3
8. Base your answer on the cartoon (see image) and on your knowledge of social studies.

The concern expressed in this cartoon is most closely related to the consequences of

1. rapid migration of animals to the Northern Hemisphere 3. industrialization and the burning of fossil fuels

2. further exploration of the Arctic Ocean 4. slow economic growth in developing nations

3 The concern expressed in this cartoon is most closely related to the consequences of industrialization and the burning of fossil fuels. One of the main problems created by industrialization is global warming. Global warming, or the gradual rise in the earth's temperature, has caused the greenhouse effect. The burning of fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the earth's environment. The excess carbon dioxide traps more heat near the earth, a process that creates the greenhouse effect. Overall warming can adversely affect agriculture and upset the delicate ecological balance in nature. During the 1990s, scientists noticed that a large hole developed seasonally in the ozone layer over Antarctica. Many are concerned that the hole will spread to other parts of the globe. Experts fear that a temperature rise of only two or three degrees over the next century would have disastrous consequences, altering ocean currents and climate patterns, changing shorelines, and threatening the lives of humans, animals, and plants.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The cartoon does not deal with the rapid migration of animals to the Northern Hemisphere. Polar bears live in the North Pole.
(2) and (4) Neither of these concerns--further exploration of the Arctic Ocean and the slow economic growth in developing nations--is expressed in this cartoon.

4
9. The late 20th-century conflicts in Rwanda, Yugoslavia, and India were similar in that each was caused by the

1. deforestation conducted by multinational companies 3. intervention of United Nations peacekeeping forces

2. collapse of communism 4. rivalries between ethnic groups

4 The late 20th-century conflicts in Rwanda, Yugoslavia, and India were similar in that each was caused by the rivalries between ethnic groups. In 1994, the small African country of Rwanda was the scene of one of Africa's most vicious civil wars. Before the killing began in 1994, Rwanda had a population of about seven million: 85 percent were Hutu and 24 percent were Tutsis. At least 500,000 people lost their lives in massacres sparked by the animosities between the two rival ethnic groups. Hutu extremists, supported by the government, launched a murderous campaign against the minority Tutsis. In one day, 250,000 people poured into Tanzania. More than one million fled to the Congo, where tens of thousands died of cholera. The genocide was stopped when the Rwandan patriotic, Tutsi-led rebel army seized control of the government. It established a new government that included both Tutsis and Hutus; however, Rwanda's troubles were not over. Armed Hutus used the Congo as a basis for attacks into Rwanda. Accusing the government of supporting the Hutus, Rwanda sent its own troops into the Congo, where they became entangled in a widening war. Eventually, Hutu attacks into Rwanda began to die down. In the election of April 2000, a Tutsi was elected president. The breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992 sparked ethnic violence. In Bosnia, fighting erupted between Serbs and Muslims. Serbs began a campaign of ethnic cleansing that was designed to drive Muslims out of the parts of Bosnia that Serbia claimed. Many Bosnians became refugees and were either brutalized or killed. In 1995, representatives from all warring sides met in the United States and agreed to a peace settlement. NATO troops were sent into Bosnia to enforce the peace. In 1997, violence broke out between Serbians and Albanians living in the Kosovo region of Serbia. Albanians resented Serbian control and wanted to unite with Albania. Serbians began a systematic mass murder of the Albanians living in Kosovo. In March 1999, NATO forces began air attacks on the Yugoslavian troops in Kosovo and on other Serbian cities. After 72 days, President Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia was forced to pull his troops out of Kosovo. While NATO agreed that Kosovo would remain part of Serbia, UN administrators and 35,000 NATO-led peacekeeping troops (which included some 5,000 U.S. troops) entered Kosovo to maintain peace. Rivalries between different groups also led to conflicts in India. In northeast India, the Naga people claimed the right to a separate state. They formed a small army and waged bloody battles with government forces. In 1960, the government decided that Nagaland should become a separate state of India. The Sikhs are a religious group that began blending elements of Islam and Hinduism in the early 1500s. They make up 2 percent of the population and believe that the government does not provide them with enough aid and resources. Sikh separatists want to break away and form a separate country. In the state of Punjab, where Sikhs form a majority, they have led many protests. In 1984, they occupied the Golden Temple in Amristar and the government was forced to use violence to remove them. Thousands of Sikhs were killed. The conflict between Muslims and Hindus also continues to exist. Although many Muslims fled to Pakistan, about 100 million still live in India. In 1992, Hindu fundamentalists called for the destruction of a mosque in Ayodhya. This conflict touched off rioting and the mosque was destroyed.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Deforestation describes the destruction of the rain forests. These conflicts were civil wars among different groups living in their countries
(2) The collapse of communism led to ethnic conflicts in Yugoslavia but did not cause conflicts in either Rwanda or India.
(3) United Nations peacekeeping forces intervened in Yugoslavia and Rwanda but not in India.

4
10. Base your answer on the graph (see image) and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which statement is supported by the graph?

1. Little trade in enslaved Africans took place before the 1500s. 3. Conditions of slavery in Brazil were less harsh than those in the United States.

2. Slavery was most widely practiced in Sweden, Denmark, and Holland. 4. Most enslaved Africans were sent to the Caribbean and Spanish America.

4 The graph supports the statement that most enslaved Africans were sent to the Caribbean and Spanish America. From the 16th to the late 19th centuries, over 9.5 million Africans were enslaved and transported to several different destinations where they were sold and used to make high profits. The pie graph clearly indicates that 57 percent of enslaved Africans were transported to countries in the Caribbean and Spanish America.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (3) All of these choices are incorrect. The graph does not provide any information about the slave trade before 1500. Only 6 percent of the slaves were imported to Sweden, Denmark, and Holland. The graph does not provide the conditions of slavery in Brazil versus the United States.

4
11. During World War I, which group of people were victims of genocide?

1. Arabs in Egypt 3. Algerians in France

2. Palestinians in Syria 4. Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

4 During World War I, the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were the victims of genocide. Genocide is a deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group. From the 16th century until World War I, a major portion of Armenia was controlled by the Ottoman Turks under whom the Armenians experienced discrimination, religious persecution, and heavy taxation. By the 1880s, there were roughly two million Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, who began to demand their freedom. Muslim Turks distrusted the Armenians and believed they were supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman Empire. Throughout the 1890s, Turkish troops killed tens of thousands of Armenians in response to their nationalist stirrings. When World War I erupted in 1914, the Armenians pledged their support to the Turk's enemies. In April 1915, the Turks ordered the deportation of the nearly 2 million Armenian population to the deserts of Syria and Mesopotamia. Along the way, more than 600,000 died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers. The Armenian massacre is considered the first genocide in the 20th century.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1), (2), and (3) None of these groups were victims of genocide. At the end of World War I, the British and French signed the Treaty of Sevres in 1920 with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was liquidated and the British took control of the Middle East, Mesopotamia (Iraq), and Palestine, including Trans-Jordon, which became a British mandate. The French gained control of Algeria in 1830, and there were few Algerians living in France at the end of World War I. The groups living in these areas were victims of colonialism, not genocide.

1
12. Which statement describes an impact that the Columbian Exchange had on the lives of Europeans?

1. The transfer of new products and ideas encouraged economic growth. 3. Native Americans immigrated to Europe and competed with Europeans for jobs.

2. New diseases were brought to Europe and resulted in massive deaths caused by a plague. 4. Cross-cultural contacts between South America and Asia declined.

1 The statement that describes an impact that the Columbian Exchange had on the lives of Europeans was that the transfer of new products and ideas encouraged economic growth. Before his death in 1506, Columbus made three voyages to the Caribbean Islands and South America. Columbus's voyages also led to the exchange of items that greatly affected people around the world. The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas is known as the Columbian Exchange. The Exchange also involved the movement of millions of people. Settlers came to the Americas from all over Europe, bringing with them their ideas about government, law, and religion. Enslaved Africans also brought their own cultures to the New World. The Spanish introduced many more products from the Americas to the Europeans. These included corn, potatoes, squash, chocolate, peanuts, and tomatoes. From the Americas, Europeans carried sweet potatoes to Africa and pineapples, papayas, and chili peppers to Asia. The new foods enriched the diets of people around the world. The Italians, for example, developed many dishes that included tomatoes, such as pasta. In India, people used chili peppers to spice their curry dishes. Europeans introduced new crops to the Americas, such as wheat, barley, and chick-peas. Columbus brought horses, cows, sheep, chickens, and pigs from Europe. Horses and cattle thrived in Mexico and Argentina. From Asia, Europeans brought rice and bananas to the Americas, while from Africa they carried yams, sugarcane, coffee, and coconuts. Columbus's voyages would open up the way for European colonization, contributing to the economic growth of these nations and enabling them to become powerful countries.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) It was the Europeans who carried diseases, such as smallpox, influenza, and measles, into the Americas, which greatly affected the native population.
(3) Native Americans did not migrate to Europe to compete for jobs. Native Americans were used as slave labor in the Spanish colonies. European settlers migrated to the Americas in search of riches and a new life.
(4) The Columbian Exchange led to an increase, not a decline, in crosscultural contacts as goods were shipped among Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

4
13. In the 1990s, what was the most severe threat to the physical environments of Brazil, Costa Rica, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire)?

1. spread of urban centers 3. increased immigration

2. nuclear waste disposal 4. destruction of the rain forests

4 In the 1990s, the most severe threat to the physical environments of Brazil, Costa Rica, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) was the destruction of the rain forests. New released satellite images show that the Amazon rain forest is disappearing at an increasing rate with about 10,000 square miles lost mainly to pasture lands, soybean plantations, and illegal logging. The Brazilian government also reported in 2003 that there was a 40 percent rise in the destruction of the rain forests compared to 2002. The fastest acceleration of loss was in the Amazon forest, the world's largest continuous area of rain forests. Some estimate that the world is losing more than 50 million acres of tropical rain forests each year. The environmental group, Green Peace, has warned that the rain forests will be wiped out in 80 years if deforestation is not decreased. This continued trend would accelerate global warming. The destruction of the rain forests in Zaire and central Africa has left the remaining soil barren. Heavy rains wear away the nutrients from these cleared lands and the remaining soil is of such poor quality that it produces few crops. After several years of low rainfalls, much of the fertile land of Zaire and other parts of Central Africa has turned into deserts. Efforts to control the deforestation of the rain forests have been hampered by the need for these countries, especially Brazil and Zaire, to pay off their massive debt. The destruction of the rain forests also poses a threat to many endangered species.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The spread of urban centers presents more of a problem in providing jobs and social services, such as improved housing, schools, and hospitals, rather than being a major threat to the physical environments of Brazil, Costa Rica, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire).
(2) Nuclear waste disposal is not a threat to the physical environment of these areas. None of these countries possess nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons.
(3) Increased immigration does not threaten the physical environment of these areas. Immigrants from other countries are not migrating to these countries. Due to soil erosion and overgrazing, the government has discouraged settlements in these areas. In Africa and in the Americas, people are migrating to developed countries in Europe and North America for better economic opportunities.

4
14. Base your answer on the excerpt and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which pair of 20th-century leaders most clearly violated these principles?

1. Anwar Sadat and Charles DeGaulle 3. Jawaharlal Nehru and Reza Pahlavi

2. Corazon Aquino and Margaret Thatcher 4. Pol Pot and Joseph Stalin

4 The pair of 20th-century leaders who most clearly violated these principles were Pol Pot and Joseph Stalin. In 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge and took control of Cambodia. Pol Pot renamed the country Kamphuchea. He instituted a reign of terror and attempted to drive out all Western influence. From 1975 to 1979, he tried to establish a purely agrarian society. The Khmer Rouge forced people out of the cities and resettled them in the country. He and his followers killed off the educated classes of the country, its monks, minority, groups, technicians, and artists. It is estimated that from 1.5 million to 1.7 million Cambodians died from forced labor, starvation, or execution in the killing fields. Joseph Stalin, who ruled from 1924 to 1953, was the dictator of the Soviet Union. He demanded complete obedience from his people and used terror to accomplish his goals. When the wealthy Kulaks (farmers) opposed his policy of collectivization, he destroyed them as a class. They were sent to Siberia or deported to forced labor camps (gulags). From 1934 to 1938, Stalin directed a series of purge trials consisting of trumped-up charges or false accusations. Stalin's Reign of Terror resulted in the death of anyone who was not loyal to him. When the purge ended, Stalin had established complete control over the Soviet government and the Communist party. It has been estimated that Stalin was responsible for the death of more than 15 million people.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Anwar Sadat was the Egyptian president from 1970 to 1981. He jailed political protesters who disagreed with his government. He shared the Noble Peace Prize with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin in 1978. Charles DeGaulle was the leader of France from 1958 until 1969. He was democratically elected.
(2) Corazon Aquino became the president of the Philippines in 1986 and served until 1992. Margaret Thatcher was prime minister of Great Britain from 1979 to 1990.
(3) Jawaharlal Nehru was the prime minister of India, serving until his death in 1964. India is the largest democracy in Asia. Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, ruled from 1953 until 1979. He modernized Iran but his secret police brutally punished anyone who opposed his government.

4
15. Base your answer on the map (see image) and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which conclusion regarding early European settlements is best supported by the information on the map?

1. Portugal became the dominant colonial power in South America by 1600. 3. Neither the Spanish nor the Portuguese developed major urban centers in Latin America.

2. Geography made the interior of South America easy to explore. 4. In 1600, most of the land in South America was not settled by Europeans.

4 The best conclusion supported by the information on the map regarding early European settlements is that in 1600, most of the land in South America was not settled by Europeans. There also was rivalry between Portugal and Spain for control of the Americas. In 1494, the Portuguese gained control of Brazil because of the agreement known as the Treaty of Tordesillas. The treaty line in this agreement cut across South America near the mouth of the Amazon River. Portugal claimed the river and the land around it. However, the thickly forested Amazon Basin remained largely unexplored and never fell under the control of the European countries of Portugal and Spain. The Portuguese settled along the coast but never ventured into the interior of South America. In the 1500s, Spanish conquistadors conquered Mexico and Peru and established an empire in Mexico and some lands in Central and South America. However, most of South America remained unsettled by the Portuguese or Spanish.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) Portugal was not the dominant power in South America. The Portuguese controlled only Brazil, whereas the Spanish Empire controlled the former Aztec, Inca, and Mayan empires.
(2) The geography of South America made it difficult to explore its interior. The Amazon Basin and the rugged mountains of the Andes made it difficult for explorers to establish contact with the interior of South America.
(3) The map does not indicate whether the Spanish and Portuguese developed major urban centers in Latin America. Cities were the center of power and wealth in Latin America and some cities grew to be very large in the early 1600s. However, most people still lived in the countryside.

2
16. The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas is known as the

1. Scientific Revolution 3. New Imperialism

2. Columbian Exchange 4. Middle Passage

2 The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas is known as the Columbian Exchange. Columbus' three voyages to the Americas started a vast cultural exchange between the two hemispheres. In 1493, when Columbus returned to Europe, he brought with him plants and animals that he had found in the Americas. Later that year, Columbus returned to the Americas with a collection of European animals and plants, including horses, cattle, and pigs. Horses and cattle thrived in Mexico and Argentina. The Spanish introduced many more products from the Americas to the Europeans. These included corn, potatoes, squash, chocolate, peanuts, and tomatoes. From the Americas, Europeans carried sweet potatoes to Africa, and pineapples, papayas, and chili peppers to Asia. Unfortunately some aspects of the Columbian exchange had a negative effect. The Europeans carried diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza into the Americas. This led to the death of millions of Native Americans.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Scientific Revolution was a major change in European thought during the mid-1500s. Scientists began to promote the gathering of information about the natural world based on reason and observation and began to question traditional authority.
(3) The New Imperialism refers to the expansion of European power over Africa during the late 19th century.
(4) The Middle Passage was part of a triangular trade network that sent raw material from the Americas to Europe, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa.

1
17. "Tedious were it to recount, how citizen avoided citizen, how among neighbours was scarce found any that shewed fellow-feeling for another, how kinsfolk held aloof, and never met, or but rarely; enough that this sore affliction entered so deep into the minds of men and women, that in the horror thereof brother was forsaken by brother, nephew by uncle, brother by sister, and oftentimes husband by wife; nay, what is more, and scarcely to be believed, fathers and mothers were found to abandon their own children, untended, unvisited, to their fate, as if they had been strangers. . . ."
-- Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron
The author of this passage was describing the

1. breakdown of social order during the bubonic plague 3. treatment of native peoples in Latin American nations

2. power of special courts during the Inquisition 4. outcome of the famine in Ireland in the 1890s

1 The author of this passage was describing the breakdown of social order during the bubonic plague. Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron is a collection of hundreds of short stories related by groups of young men and women who fled to a villa outside Florence to escape the bubonic plague, or Black Death. The Black Death spread from the kingdom of Sicily in 1347, across all of Italy, and then through the rest of Europe. Historians estimate that the Black Death killed a quarter of the population or about 25 million Europeans. This massive disaster tore apart medieval society. Whole villages disappeared as people either died or fled in fear. Families were split as parents abandoned their sick children in order to survive.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2), (3), and (4) None of these choices are supported by this passage. This passage deals with the conditions created by the Black Death during the 1300s and does not relate to special courts during the Inquisition, or the treatment of native people in Latin American nations, or the outcome of the famine in Ireland in the 1890s. The events in these choices occurred after the Black Death at the end of the 14th century.

2
18.
• Failure of the potato crop contributes to famine in Ireland.
• Continued drought overtakes farmlands in Africa.
• Herders search for an oasis for their animals.

Which conclusion can be drawn from these statements?

1. People can control their environments to suit their needs. 3. Geography has a positive impact on people.

2. Environmental conditions often cause people to migrate. 4. Climatic conditions have led to an even distribution of population.

2 The conclusion that can be drawn from these statements is that environmental conditions often cause people to migrate. In the 1840s, Ireland experienced one of the worst famines of modern history. The potato, introduced from the Americas, was the main source of food for most of the Irish. In 1845, a blight or disease destroyed the potato crop. The British, who ruled Ireland, continued to require the Irish to ship these crops outside Ireland. The result was the "Great Famine." Out of a population of 8 million, about 1 million people died from starvation and disease over the next few years. Millions emigrated to the United States and Canada. Beginning in the 1970s, much of Africa was hit by a series of severe droughts. Crops withered, farmlands were destroyed, and millions of people faced starvation. Many of these people migrated to urban areas in search of jobs; others migrated to countries in Western Europe and the United States. The United Nations met recently in New York to discuss how to collect reliable data on the influx of immigrants to Europe and North America. Herders are primarily nomadic. They were usually forced to move to search for suitable grasslands and water for their animals. The Bantu, who originally lived in West Africa, were forced to migrate as the area was undergoing desertification. The Bantu populated one-third of the continent. Between 500 B.C. and 1500 A.D., they began to move southward. The potato famine, the African drought, and the herders' search for water led to migration that affected many parts of the world.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) These conclusions indicate that people do not control their environment. Due to this lack of control, people were forced to migrate from Ireland and Africa.
(3) These statements would indicate that geography has had a negative, not a positive, impact on people. The potato famine and the drought demonstrated how geography can create economic problems.
(4) None of these statements provide any information about the even distribution of population. These statements show how geography has affected the economic life of nations.

1
19. In the 1990s, the troubled relations between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland and between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims in the Balkans helped illustrate the

1. difficulties of resolving ethnic and religious conflicts 3. conflict created by the collapse of the Warsaw Pact

2. inequalities created by expanding free markets and global trade 4. results of the failure of dictatorial governments

1 In the 1990s, the troubled relations between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland and between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims in the Balkans helped illustrate the difficulties of resolving ethnic and religious conflicts. In Northern Ireland, religious differences between Protestants and Catholics have made it difficult to resolve the conflict for many years. Ireland won its independence from Britain in 1922. Great Britain, however, kept control of six northern counties that were a mostly Protestant population. The Protestants in the North, known as Ulster, feared domination by the Catholic majority in the South. The IRA (Irish Republican Army) and other nationalist groups never accepted the division of Ireland. The goal of the IRA, a Catholic group, was to drive the British from Northern Ireland and unify the country. The Protestants, who formed their own paramilitary groups, opposed these efforts. Rioting and violence between Catholics and Protestants erupted during the late 1960s and has continued for over 25 years. On April 10, 1998, after 19 months of negotiations, the Good Friday Accord was signed. The Accord called for Protestants to share political power with the minority Catholics in Northern Ireland. The Accord also gave the Republic of Ireland, which is predominantly Catholic, a voice in Northern Irish affairs. In June, 1999, the peace process hit an impasse when the IRA refused to disarm prior to the assembly of Northern Ireland's new provincial cabinet. Jerry Adams, the leader of Sinn Fein, the political wing of the IRA, and David Trimble, leader of the Ulster Protestants, have been unable to resolve these differences. Recent violence between Catholic and Protestant schoolchildren has made the peace process even more difficult.

The breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992 sparked ethnic violence. Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence. In Bosnia, fighting erupted among Serbs, Croatians, and Muslims. Serbs, who dominated Yugoslavia, began a policy of ethnic cleansing that was designed to destroy all non-Serbs. Slobodan Milosevic, the Yugoslav president who was Serbian, sent troops to fight ethnic Albanians, who were demanding more self-rule in Kosovo. As the conflict raged, Serbs also mounted a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against Muslim Kosovans. In 1999, when President Milosevic refused a NATO peace plan, NATO forces started a military campaign against Yugoslavia. Milosevic was forced to retreat and give up his efforts to control Kosovo. In November, 1999, Milosevic was ousted from power and Vojslav Kostunica became the leader of Serbia.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) These conflicts developed due to religious and ethnic differences. They are not related to inequalities created by expanding free markets and global trade.
(3) The conflicts in the Balkans were created by the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, not the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact was a mutual defensive alliance formed by Russia and other European nations in 1955. The religious conflict in Northern Ireland has persisted for more than three centuries.
(4) Northern Ireland has a parliamentary form of government and is not a dictatorship. In the Balkans, the Communist dictatorship of Josip Tito held together the different ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia until his death in 1980. These conflicts are due to ethnic and religious differences and are not related to the failure of dictatorial governments.

1
20. Base your answer on the accompanying table and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which conclusion can be drawn from the table?

1. There is a relationship between level of health care and life expectancy. 3. The size of the population is directly related to the infant mortality rate.

2. Infant mortality increases as the number of hospital beds increases. 4. Women live longer than men only when the infant mortality rate is low.

1 The conclusion that can be drawn from the table is that there is a relationship between level of health care and life expectancy. This table clearly shows that in countries with a higher number of hospital beds and physicians, the infant mortality rates are lower and the life expectancy for both males and females is longer.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(2) Infant mortality increases as the number of hospital beds increases is incorrect. According to the table, Australia is the country with the largest number of hospital beds and also has the lowest rate of infant mortality.
(3) The table provides no evidence to support the conclusion that the size of the population is directly related to the infant morality rate.
(4) According to this table, women have a longer life expectancy in every country, even when the rates of infant mortality are high.

2
21. The term "Green Revolution" refers to

1. the study of the natural world 3. a shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine

2. an increase in worldwide food and agricultural resources 4. an uprising of farmers and industrial workers

2 The term "Green Revolution" refers to an increase in worldwide food and agricultural resources. The goal of the Green Revolution was to solve chronic food shortages through the use of technology. During the 1960s, scientists used genetically improved seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides to develop new kinds of rice and other grains that yielded more food per acre than older strains. The Green Revolution doubled the food supply in India and Indonesia, thus helping these countries to avoid famines. In India, the production of rice rose from 350,000 metric tons in the 1960s to 750,000 metric tons in the 1990s. Research efforts in Mexico developed a short-stemmed disease-resistant wheat that excelled at utilizing fertilizer and water for a high-yield crop. This pampered seed boosted Mexican wheat production.

WRONG CHOICES EXPLAINED:
(1) The Green Revolution refers to improved food production not the studying of the natural world.
(3) The Industrial Revolution refers to the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine.
(4) The Green Revolution refers to revolutionary changes in agricultural production, not any uprisings by farmers and industrial workers.

1
22. Which title best completes this graphic organizer?

1. Centers of World Trade 3. Cities of Origin for Major Religions

2. Latin American Societies 4. Sites of Early Civilization

1 The best title for this graphic organizer is Centers of World Trade. In East Africa, Mogadishu thrived on trade across the Indian Ocean as European ships on their way to Asia often stopped off at this coastal city. The trade helped local rulers build strong city-states. Venice, located at the northern end of the Adriatic Sea, was ideally situated to maintain a trade monopoly with Asia. Renewed interest in the products of the East due to the Crusades allowed Venice to serve as a link between Europe and Asia. The city attracted traders from all over the world. Venice was one of the wealthiest and most powerful of the city-states during the late Renaissance. At the height of its power, Venice stretched from the Adriatic Sea in the East to Milan in the West. In the 1400s, the Europeans were looking to break the Muslim and Italian middlemen and obtain direct access to Asia's riches.

In 1498, the Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, reached the port of Calcutta (Calicut) on the southwestern coast of India and opened up a direct water route to India. Da Gama and his crew were amazed by the spices as well as the rare silks and gems that filled the Calicut shops. The spices that da Gama took back from his voyages sold in Europe for 27 times their cost in India, or a profit of 3,000 percent. In the years following da Gama's voyage, Portugal built a vast trading empire throughout the Indian Ocean. Portugal did not try to conquer India but set up a base in Calcutta (Calicut) and other key outposts along the Indian Ocean. As they moved into the region and took control of the spice trade from the Muslims, the Indian Ocean and areas near Calcutta (Calicut) became centers of trade.

The first Ming Emperor, Ming T'ai-Tsu, built his city at Nanjing on the Yangtze River in the late 1380s. During the first century of the Ming dynasty (1350-1450), China was the greatest naval power in the world. In 1433, China's Grand Fleet crossed the Indian Ocean and sailed out along Africa's eastern coast. These ships carried silk, porcelain, and art objects to exchange for ivory, rhinoceros horns, pearls, and jewels. In 1433, after the Ming dynasty ended overseas exploration and trade with the West,